A positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries comprises a lithium transition metal oxide containing Ni, Mn, Co, and Al and having a layered structure, wherein the content ratio of Ni in the lithium transition metal oxide is 75 to 95 mol %, the content ratio of Mn in the lithium transition metal oxide is equal to or greater than the content ratio of Co in the lithium transition metal oxide, the content ratio of Co in the lithium transition metal oxide is 0.5 to 2 mol %, the content ratio of a metal element other than Li in an Li layer in the layered structure is 1 to 2.5 mol %, and, in the lithium transition metal oxide, the half width n of a diffraction peak for (208) plane of an X-ray diffraction pattern as measured by X-ray diffraction is as follows: 0.30°≤n≤0.50°.

A system for creating targeted vanadium oxide (VO.sub.2) nanoparticle compositions comprising a stock reaction mixture that is a fluid combination of at least one vanadium source combined with at least one dopant source. Each dopant source contains at least one target dopant element. The ratio of the number of vanadium atoms in the vanadium source to the number of target dopant element atoms in the dopant source is less than or equal to 10:1. A solvent that is compatible with said stock reaction mixture is selected. A pressure regulator increases the pressure of the solvent and the stock reaction mixture to between 0 and 5,000 psi. A heating element increases the temperature of the solvent to between 50 and 500° C. A mixing unit receives and mixes a continuous flow of stock reaction mixture with solvent to heat the stock reaction mixture and initiate formation of the targeted vanadium oxide (VO.sub.2) nanoparticle composition.

The present disclosure discloses an ABO.sub.3 type high-entropy perovskite Ba.sub.x(FeCoNiZrY).sub.0.2O.sub.3-δ electrocatalytic material and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of electrocatalytic materials. The electrocatalytic material is prepared by taking hydrated cobalt nitrate, hydrated ferric nitrate, hydrated nickel nitrate, barium nitrate, hydrated yttrium nitrate, hydrated zirconium nitrate and polyacrylonitrile staple fibers as raw materials through processes of liquid phase chelation, gelation, calcination, etc. The prepared high-entropy perovskite Ba.sub.x(FeCoNiZrY).sub.0.2O.sub.3-δ electrocatalytic material can release more electrochemical active sites due to its special nanostructure, thus showing better electrocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, by adjusting the stoichiometric ratio of A/B-site metals, the electronic structure change of five metals in a catalytic center and the change of an oxygen vacancy content are realized, and the purpose of adjusting and optimizing the nitrogen reduction performance is achieved, so that the electrocatalytic material has excellent electrocatalytic conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia gas.

A piezoelectric body contains potassium, sodium, and niobium, and has a perovskite structure. A Raman shift of peaks assigned to A.sub.1g obtained by performing Raman spectroscopic analysis on a plurality of measurement regions is 400 cm.sup.−1 or more and 700 cm.sup.−1 or less. A difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of the Raman shift among the peaks in the plurality of measurement regions is 11.0 cm.sup.−1 or less.

Provided are a sodium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery capable of undergoing a reversible large-capacity charge/discharge reaction. The sodium and lithium ion secondary batteries each have a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The active substance of the positive or negative electrode of these secondary batteries is a single-phase polycrystal represented by the following chemical formula: Na.sub.xTi.sub.4O.sub.9 (2≦x≦3), preferably Na.sub.2Ti.sub.4O.sub.9, having a one-dimensional tunnel type structure, and belonging to a monoclinic crystal system. This polycrystal is obtained by filling a container made of molybdenum or the like with a raw material containing a sodium compound and at least one of a titanium compound and metal titanium, and firing at 800° C. or more but 1600° C. or less.

According to the present invention, there are provided lithium titanate particles which exhibit an excellent initial discharge capacity and an enhanced high-efficiency discharge capacity retention rate as an active substance for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries and a process for producing the lithium titanate particles, and Mg-containing lithium titanate particles.

A crystalline titanium and magnesium compound having an X-ray diffraction pattern having interplanar spacing (d-spacing) values at about 5.94, 3.10, 2.97, 2.10, 1.98, 1.82, and 1.74±0.1 angstroms may be used in protective coatings for metal or metal alloy substrates. The coatings exhibit excellent corrosion resistances and provide corrosion protection equal to or better than typical non-chromate coatings.

The present invention relates to a carbonaceous material having a pore volume determined by performing Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation on an adsorption-desorption isotherm of carbon dioxide of 0.05 cm.sup.3/g or more and 0.20 cm.sup.3/g or less, and a ratio of desorption amount to adsorption amount (desorption amount/adsorption amount) at a relative pressure of 0.01 in the adsorption-desorption isotherm of 1.05 or more.

Provided are electrochemically active secondary particles that provide excellent capacity and improved cycle life. The particles are characterized by a plurality of nanocrystals with small average crystallite size. The reduced crystallite size reduces impedance generation during cycling thereby improving capacity and cycle life. Also provided are methods of forming electrochemically active materials, as well as electrodes and electrochemical cells employing the secondary particles.

Processes for preparing a niobate material include the following steps: (i) providing a niobium-containing source; (ii) providing a transitional metal source (TMS), a post-transitional metal source (PTMS), or both; (iii) dissolving (a) the niobium-containing source, and (b) the TMS, the PTMS, or both in an aqueous medium to form an intermediate solution; (iv) forming an intermediate paste by admixing an inert support material with the intermediate solution; (v) optionally coating the intermediate paste on a support substrate; and (vi) removing the inert support material by subjecting the intermediate paste to a calcination process and providing a transition-metal-niobate (TMN) and/or a post-transition-metal-niobate (PTMN). Anodes including a TMN and/or PTMN are also provided.