A highly scalable process has been developed for stabilizing large quantities of the zeta-polymorph of V.sub.2O.sub.5, a metastable kinetically trapped phase, with high compositional and phase purity. The process utilizes a beta-Cux V.sub.2O.sub.5 precursor which is synthetized from solution using all-soluble precursors. The copper can be leached from this structure by a room temperature post-synthetic route to stabilize an empty tunnel framework entirely devoid of intercalating cations. The metastable -V.sub.2O.sub.5 thus stabilized can be used as a monovalent-(Li, Na) or multivalent-(Mg, Ca, Al) ion battery cathode material.

A chemically functionalized carbon lattice formed by a process comprising heating a carbon lattice nucleus in a reactor to a temperature between room temperature and 1500 C. The process also may comprise exposing the carbon lattice nucleus to carbonaceous gas to adsorb carbon atoms in the carbonaceous gas onto edges of the carbon lattice nucleus, covalently bond the adsorbed carbon atoms to one another in polyatomic rings, a portion of the polyatomic rings comprising non-hexagonal rings, covalently bond the polyatomic rings to one another in one or more new lattice regions extending off the carbon lattice nucleus thereby forming an engineered lattice incorporating the non-hexagonal rings, exposing a portion of the engineered lattice to one or more chemicals to bond at least one of a functional group and molecule to the engineered lattice.

An anode material for a lithium ion secondary battery that is obtainable by a method comprising: preparing a raw material of the anode material selected from high oxygen containing carbons, heat treating the raw material at a temperature of 550 C. to 850 C. under oxidizing atmosphere to form having a multi-channel carbon material and doping boron into the multi-channel carbon material.

Provided is a highly crystalline heteroelement-containing graphene including carbon (C) and, as a heteroelement (X), at least one element selected from the group consisting of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), sulfur (S), boron (B), and silicon (Si). Also, spots belonging to either the orthorhombic system or the hexagonal system and having the symmetry of a single crystal are observed in the selected area electron diffraction.

A method for enhancing the efficiency of a liquid fuel is described. The method involves the addition of cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles to the liquid fuel to produce an enhanced liquid fuel. The cobalt hydroxystannate nanoparticles may be present at a concentration of 50-200 ppm, and may increase the calorific value of the fuel by a factor of 25-52 times.

The Li-ion paradigm of battery technology is fundamentally constrained by the monovalency of the Li-ion. A straightforward solution is to transition to multivalent ion chemistries, with Mg.sup.2+ the most obvious candidate due to considerations of size and mass. Despite early interest, the realization of Mg batteries has faced myriad obstacles, including a sparse selection of cathode materials demonstrating the ability to reversibly insert divalent ions. Disclosed herein is evidence of reversible topochemical and electrochemical insertion of Mg.sup.2+ into a metastable one-dimensional polymorph of V.sub.2O.sub.5. Not only does -V.sub.2O.sub.5 represent a rare addition to the pantheon of functional Mg battery cathode materials, but is also distinctive in exhibiting a combination of high stability, high specific capacity due to ion insertion, and moderately high operating voltage.

A highly scalable process has been developed for stabilizing large quantities of the zeta-polymorph of V.sub.2O.sub.5, a metastable kinetically trapped phase, with high compositional and phase purity. The process utilizes a beta-Cux V.sub.2O.sub.5 precursor which is synthetized from solution using all-soluble precursors. The copper can be leached from this structure by a room temperature post-synthetic route to stabilize an empty tunnel framework entirely devoid of intercalating cations. The metastable -V.sub.2O.sub.5 thus stabilized can be used as a monovalent-(Li, Na) or multivalent-(Mg, Ca, Al) ion battery cathode material.

A SiC single crystal, including: a seed crystal; a first growth portion formed in a direction that is substantially orthogonal to a <0001> direction; a second growth portion formed in a direction that is substantially orthogonal to the <0001> direction and substantially orthogonal to the direction in which the first growth portion is formed; a third growth portion that is formed on a surface of the seed crystal opposite the first growth portion; and a fourth growth portion that is formed on a surface of the seed crystal opposite the second growth portion.

Molecular sieves comprising intergrowths of cha and aft having an sfw-GME tail, at least one structure directing agent (SDA) within the framework of the molecular sieve, an intergrowth of CHA and GME framework structures, cha cavities, and aft cavities are described. A first SDA comprising either an N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidinium cation or a N,N-diethyl-2,6-dimethylpiperidinium cation is required. A second SDA, which can further be present, is a CHA or an SFW generating cation. The amount of the second SDA-2 used can change the proportion of the components in the cha-aft-sfw-GME tail. Activated molecular sieves formed from SDA containing molecular sieves are also described. Compositions for preparing these molecular sieves are described. Methods of preparing a SDA containing JMZ-11, an activated JMZ-11, and metal containing activated JMZ-11 are described. Methods of using activated JMZ-11 and metal containing activated JMZ-11 in a variety of processes, such as treating exhaust gases and converting methanol to olefins are described.

Nanosheets of Ca.sup.2+ and Y.sup.3+, with CO.sub.3.sup.2 in the interlayer with a uniform diameter and lengths of several tens of microns have been successfully synthesized in a hydrotalcite layer structure (a layered double hydroxide), using a hydrothermal method. The formation mechanism of lamellar CaYCO.sub.3.sup.2 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) depends on the molar ratio of Ca and Y and the reaction time and temperature. The resulting LDH materials exhibit excellent affinity and selectivity for heavy transition metal and metalloid ions.