The present disclosure is directed to large-pore germanosilicate compositions designated CIT-13/OH and CIT-14/IST, the two large-pore germanosilicate each having a three-dimensional framework with 10- and 14-membered ring channels and 8- and 12-membered ring channels, respectively. The disclosure also sets forth methods for converting the former to the latter under conditions consistent with an inverse sigma transformation. Uses of the large-pore germanosilicate compositions are also disclosed.

A mercury-based compound is in powder form and has the general chemical formula: M1.sub.aX.sub.b, where M1 is Hg, MxcMyd or a combination thereof, with Mx being Hg and My being an arbitrary element; wherein X is chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, sulphate, nitrate or a combination thereof, wherein a, b, c, and d are numbers between 0.1 and 10, wherein particles of the powder have a minimum average dimension of width of at least 50 nm and a maximum average dimension of width of at most 20 m, and wherein the mercury-based compound is paramagnetic and is present in an excited state.

A cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery of embodiments of the present invention includes a lithium composite oxide, a first coating part formed on a surface of the lithium composite oxide and containing aluminum, and a second coating part formed on the first coating part and containing boron. Thereby, stability and electrical characteristics of the secondary battery may be improved.

A cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery of embodiments of the present invention includes a lithium composite oxide, a first coating part formed on a surface of the lithium composite oxide and containing aluminum, and a second coating part formed on the first coating part and containing boron. Thereby, stability and electrical characteristics of the secondary battery may be improved.

A lithium iron complex oxide is represented by Li.sub.5FeO.sub.4, two peaks with different quadrupole splitting values (QS) analyzed using .sup.57Fe Mssbauer spectroscopy are shown, one of the two peaks, a peak A, satisfies QS>0, and the other one of the two peaks, a peak B, satisfies QS=0.

A cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery of embodiments of the present invention includes a lithium composite oxide, a first coating part formed on a surface of the lithium composite oxide and containing aluminum, and a second coating part formed on the first coating part and containing boron. Thereby, stability and electrical characteristics of the secondary battery may be improved.

The present disclosure relates to a nickel-cobalt-manganese-based positive electrode active material comprising a large particle group and a small particle group. An average particle size D50 of the large particle group is greater than an average particle size D50 of the small particle group; the average particle size D50 of the large particle group is from 12 to 20 m; the large particle group includes polycrystal aggregate particles; each polycrystal aggregate particle includes a secondary particle consisting of a plurality of primary particles aggregated together; each polycrystal aggregate particle has a primary particle size of 2.0 m or less; a crystallite size of a (003) plane of each polycrystal aggregate particle is from 950 to 1210 ; a crystallite size of a (104) plane of each polycrystal aggregate particle is from 500 to 750 ; and a peak intensity ratio I(003)/I(104) of the polycrystal aggregate particles is 2.10 or less.

A method of manufacturing a carbon nanotube-carbon nanofiber composite, includes preparing a spinning solution comprising an alkali metal precursor and a carbon-containing polymer; electrospinning the spinning solution to manufacture carbon-containing polymer nanofibers having the alkali metal precursor bound to a surface; heat-treating the carbon-containing polymer nanofibers to manufacture carbon nanofibers having the alkali metal precursor bound to a surface; and heat-treating the carbon nanofibers while supplying a carbon source to manufacture a carbon nanotube-carbon nanofiber composite having carbon nanotubes bound to a surface.

The present invention refers to a process for preparing a graphitized nanoporous carbon, the so-obtained carbon particles_and the use thereof as highly stable support for electrochemical processes.

Disclosed is a method of: providing a hydrogenated sp.sup.2 carbon allotrope, and releasing hydrogen gas from the carbon allotrope. The method may be used an apparatus having: a vessel for containing the hydrogenated sp.sup.2 carbon allotrope, a fuel cell capable of using hydrogen gas a fuel, and a tube for transporting hydrogen gas from the vessel to the fuel cell. The carbon allotrope may be made by: providing a mixture of an sp.sup.2 carbon allotrope and liquid ammonia, adding an alkali metal to the mixture, and sonicating the mixture to form a hydrogenated form of the carbon allotrope. The hydrogenated carbon can be at least 3.5 wt % hydrogen covalently bound to the carbon.