Provided are: a pigment through which light in a warm color region can pass preferentially and which has high hiding power and is mainly used in cosmetic applications; a method for producing the pigment; and a method for using the pigment. The pigment comprises particles each containing a calcium-titanium composite oxide as a main component, in which it is confirmed that regions each having a paler color than the color of a region surrounding thereof are scattered in a dot-like form in the particles when the particles of the calcium-titanium composite oxide in the pigment are observed in a transmission electron microscopic image at a magnification of 100,000, and the true density of the pigment is 3500 kg/m.sup.3 to 3790 kg/m.sup.3, inclusive.

Provided is a potassium titanate powder that can avoid safety and health concerns and concurrently, during use in a friction material, can give excellent frictional properties. A potassium titanate powder is a powder formed of bar-like potassium titanate particles having an average length of 30 m or more, an average breadth of 10 m or more, and an average aspect ratio of 1.5 or more, wherein the bar-like potassium titanate particles are represented by a composition formula K.sub.2Ti.sub.nO.sub.2n+1 (where n=5.5 to 6.5).

A Li/CFx primary battery having a lithium-based anode and a fluorinated carbon cathode. The fluorinated carbon cathode includes fluorinated carbon nanoparticles. The structure and size distribution of the carbon precursor carbon nanotubes are configured to provide improved battery performance. The fluorinated carbon nanoparticles can be formed by fluorinating carbon nanoparticles using a fluorine-based reactive gas at a temperature in the range from 300 to 600 C., and the fluorinated carbon nanoparticles can further be used to form the cathode of the primary battery. Producing the Li/CFx primary batter can also include heating the fluorinated carbon nanoparticles under an inert atmosphere before the fluorinated carbon nanoparticles are used to form the cathode of the primary battery.

A device for creating hollow tubes of crystalline magnesium sulphate sized a micron pertains to the production technology for inorganic micron-scale materials. The device consist of two halogenation tanks, a solar collector, a temperature-controlled crystallization chamber, a centrifuge, a conveyor belt, and a dryer. The solar collector is connected to a heat pipe at the bottom of a brine pool to form a circulation path. Said method is to convert high magnesium brine into saturated brine with a Mg.sup.2+:Na.sup.+ mass ratio between (8?15):1 by a brine blending operation at a temperature of 60? C.?90? C. it is controlled to be cooled and crystallized at a cooling rate of 0.6?2.0? C./min, solid-liquid centrifugal separation is carried out when it is cooled down to 40?48.5? C., and the solid phase is dried at a temperature of 48.5?70? C., and finally micron-sized crystalline magnesium sulfate hollow tubes are obtained.

Methods of producing rod-shaped mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN) materials are described. The method includes (a) obtaining a template reactant mixture comprising an uncalcined rod-shaped SBA-15 template, a carbon source compound, and a nitrogen source compound; (b) subjecting the template reactant mixture to conditions suitable to form a rod-shaped template carbon nitride composite; (c) heating the rod-shaped template carbon nitride composite to a temperature of at least 500 C. to form a rod-shaped mesoporous carbon nitride material/SB A-15 (MCN-SBA-15) complex; and (d) removing the SBA-15 template from the MCN-SBA-15 complex to produce a rod-shaped mesoporous carbon nitride material.

Disclosed are a metal carbide catalyst composite for abifunctional zinc-air battery, which contains both vanadium metal and heterogeneous transition metal, and a zinc-air battery system containing the same. According to an embodiment of the disclosure, a catalyst reaction area is increased by substituted iron and vanadium ions of the metal carbide catalyst composite for the zinc-air battery, thereby exhibiting high activity for ORR performance as well as OER performance.

Additionally, an embodiment of the present invention provides a material for a positive electrode active material for secondary batteries and a method for manufacturing a material for a positive active material for secondary batteries. In detail, it provides a material for secondary battery positive electrode active material and a method of manufacturing a material for secondary battery positive electrode active material that can utilize a carbon-coated iron-vanadium metal oxide structure as a secondary battery positive active material.

Provided is a process for producing prelithiated particles of an anode active material for a lithium battery. The process comprises: (a) providing a lithiating chamber having at least one inlet and at least one outlet; (b) feeding a plurality of particles of an anode active material, lithium metal particles, and an electrolyte solution (containing a lithium salt dissolved in a liquid solvent) into the lithiating chamber through at least one inlet, concurrently or sequentially, to form a reacting mixture; (c) moving this reacting mixture toward the outlet at a rate sufficient for inserting a desired amount of lithium into the anode active material particles to form a slurry of prelithiated particles dispersed in the electrolyte solution; and (d) discharging the slurry out of the lithiating chamber through the at least one outlet.

A device for creating hollow tubes of crystalline magnesium sulphate sized a micron pertains to the production technology for inorganic micron-scale materials. The device consist of two halogenation tanks, a solar collector, a temperature-controlled crystallization chamber, a centrifuge, a conveyor belt, and a dryer. The solar collector is connected to a heat pipe at the bottom of a brine pool to form a circulation path. Said method is to convert high magnesium brine into saturated brine with a Mg.sup.2+:Na.sup.+ mass ratio between (8?15):1 by a brine blending operation at a temperature of 60? C.?90? C. it is controlled to be cooled and crystallized at a cooling rate of 0.6?2.0? C./min, solid-liquid centrifugal separation is carried out when it is cooled down to 40?48.5? C., and the solid phase is dried at a temperature of 48.5?70? C., and finally micron-sized crystalline magnesium sulfate hollow tubes are obtained.

A positive active material is provided. The positive active material may include a first portion in which a ratio of a first crystal structure is higher than a ratio of a second crystal structure having a different crystal system from that of the first crystal structure, and a second portion in which a ratio of the second crystal structure is higher than a ratio of the first crystal structure.

A positive active material is provided. The positive active material may include lithium, an additive metal, and at least one of nickel, cobalt, manganese, or aluminum. The additive metal may include an element different from nickel, cobalt, manganese, and aluminum. An average content of the additive metal may be less than 2 mol %.