A solution and method of creating such for producing silicon nanowires or silicon nano-plates. The solution comprising distilled water, Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), at least one catalyst, Sodium Methyl Siliconate (CH.sub.5NaO.sub.3Si), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), which act as a first chelating agent, Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate (C.sub.5H.sub.10NS.sub.2Na), which acts as a second chelating agent, and Dimethylacrylic Acid, which acts as a buffer that is able to regulate the amount of silicon nanowires or plates formed and to prevent agglomeration. The concentration of the Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate in the solution is greater than concentration of the EDTA in the solution for forming a plurality of thick and short nanowires, and the concentration of the Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate in the solution is less than the concentration of the EDTA in the solution for forming a plurality of thin and long nanowires.

A reverse mode light valve, the manufacture of a light control device and a method of controlling light transmittance by using of the reverse mode light valve, the reverse mode light valve containing ABX.sub.3 perovskite particles (200) suspended in a liquid suspension (300) can control light transmittance in a higher light transmittance when the power is turned off (OFF state) and lower light transmittance when the power is turned on (ON state). In the ABX.sub.3 perovskite particles (200), A is at least one of Cs.sup.+, CH.sub.3NH.sub.3.sup.+, and Rb.sup.+, B is at least one of Pb.sup.2+, Ge.sup.2+, and Sn.sup.2+, and X is at least one of Cl.sup.−, Br.sup.−, and I.sup.−.

Provided is a method of producing a metal nanoparticle-oxide support complex structure, in which metal nanoparticles uniform in size are evenly distributed on the surface of oxide supports. A gas sensor with improved gas sensing ability and durability may be provided by using the same.

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to boron nitride nanomaterials. In one aspect, a method includes generating a directed flow of plasma. A boron-containing species is introduced to the directed flow of the plasma. Boron nitride nanostructures are formed in a chamber. In another aspect, a method includes generating a directed flow of plasma using nitrogen gas. A boron-containing species is introduced to the directed flow of the plasma. The boron-containing species can consist of boron powder, boron nitride powder, and/or boron oxide powder. Boron nitride nanostructures are formed in a chamber, with a pressure in the chamber being about 3 atmospheres or greater.

Jute stick/stalk can be used to prepared and carboxylated to yield useful activated carbons, e.g., for removing Pb.sup.2+ from drinking water. Such activated carbons can act as an inexpensive adsorbents using agricultural waste or by-products. Carboxylation of jute stick activated carbon (JSAC) can improve its efficiency for Pb.sup.2+ removal, e.g., from aqueous solutions, even if its BET surface area is reduced. Carboxylated JSAC (JSAC-COO.sup.−) can have surface areas around 615.3±0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 m.sup.2/g. JSAC-COO.sup.− can treat varied Pb.sup.2+ concentrations, 10, 25 mg/L, etc., pHs, e.g., 4.0, 7.0, etc., temperatures, e.g., 15° C., 27° C., etc., and contact periods, e.g., 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 minutes, etc., achieving up to 99.8% Pb.sup.2+ removal within 15 minutes of contact JSAC-COO.sup.− adsorption capacity can be >25.0 mg Pb.sup.2+/g, as well as other metal ions, with potential for water and/or gas treatment.

The disclosure provides a method of producing a metal compound. The method comprises contacting a metal source with a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises an ionic liquid and an oxidising agent, and thereby producing the metal compound.

Methods include producing tunable carbon structures and combining carbon structures with a polymer to form a composite material. Carbon structures include crinkled graphene. Methods also include functionalizing the carbon structures, either in-situ, within the plasma reactor, or in a liquid collection facility. The plasma reactor has a first control for tuning the specific surface area (SSA) of the resulting tuned carbon structures as well as a second, independent control for tuning the SSA of the tuned carbon structures. The composite materials that result from mixing the tuned carbon structures with a polymer results in composite materials that exhibit exceptional favorable mechanical and/or other properties. Mechanisms that operate between the carbon structures and the polymer yield composite materials that exhibit these exceptional mechanical properties are also examined.

A method for producing mesoporous magnesium hydroxide nanoplates involving solvothermal treatment of a solution of a magnesium salt, a base, a glycol, and water is disclosed. The method does not use a surfactant or template in the solvothermal treatment. The method yields mesoporous nanoparticles of magnesium hydroxide having a plate-like morphology with a diameter of 20 nm to 100 nm, a mean pore diameter of 2 to 10 nm, a surface area of 50 to 70 m.sup.2/g, and a type-III nitrogen adsorption-desorption BET isotherm with a H3 hysteresis loop. An antibacterial composition containing the mesoporous magnesium hydroxide nanoplates is also disclosed. A method for reducing nitroaromatic compounds with a reducing agent and the mesoporous magnesium hydroxide nanoplates as a catalyst is also disclosed.

Disclosed herein is a constant shear continuous reactor device, comprising: an annular gas delivery tube comprising a gas inlet and a gas outlet; a first annular liquid delivery tube comprising a first liquid inlet and a first liquid outlet arranged concentrically around the annular gas delivery tube along a common axis, where the first liquid outlet is located at a downstream position relative to the gas outlet or is coterminous with the gas outlet; and an annular reactor wall tube comprising a final liquid inlet, a mixing zone section and a reactor outlet, where the annular reactor wall tube is arranged concentrically around the first annular liquid delivery tube along the common axis.

An LFP electrode material is provided which has improved impedance, power during cold cranking, rate capacity retention, charge transfer resistance over the current LFP based cathode materials. The electrode material comprises crystalline primary particles and secondary particles, where the primary particle is formed from a plate-shaped single-phase spheniscidite precursor and a lithium source. The LFP includes an LFP phase behavior where the LFP phase behavior includes an extended solid-solution range.