Particles for a monolithic refractory are made of a spinet porous sintered body which is represented by a chemical formula of MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4, wherein pores having a pore size of 0.01 μm or more and less than 0.8 μm occupy 10 vol % or more and 50 vol % or less with respect to a total volume of pores having a pore size of 10 μm or less in the particles, and the particles for a monolithic refractory have grain size distribution in which particles having a particle size of less than 45 μm occupy 60 vol % or less, particles having a particle size of 45 μm or more and less than 100 μm occupy 20 vol % or more and 60 vol % or less, and particles having a particle size of 100 μm or more and 1000 μm or less occupy 10 vol % or more and 50 vol % or less.

Provided is a piezoelectric material filler including alkali niobate compound particles having a ratio (K/(Na+K)) of the number of moles of potassium to the total number of moles of sodium and potassium of 0.460 to 0.495 in terms of atoms and a ratio ((Li+Na+K)/Nb) of the total number of moles of alkali metal elements to the number of moles of niobium of 0.995 to 1.005 in terms of atoms. The present invention can provide a piezoelectric material filler having excellent piezoelectric properties, and a composite piezoelectric material including the piezoelectric material filler and a polymer matrix.

Provided is a nickel-containing composite hydroxide that is a precursor of a positive-electrode active material with which a nonaqueous-electrolyte secondary battery having a low irreversible capacity and a high energy density can be configured. An aqueous alkaline aqueous solution and a complexing agent are added to an mixed aqueous solution including at least nickel and cobalt to regulate the pH (measured at a reference liquid temperature of 25° C.) of this mixed aqueous solution to 11.0 to 13.0, the ammonium concentration to 4 to 15 g/L, and the reaction temperature to 20° C. to 45° C. Using stirring blades having an inclination angle of 20° to 60° with respect to a horizontal plane, the mixture is stirred to conduct a crystallization reaction under such conditions that when the nickel-containing composite hydroxide to be obtained is roasted in air at 800° C. for 2 hours, the roasted composite hydroxide has a BET value of 12 to 50 m.sup.2/g. Thus a nickel-containing composite hydroxide expressed by Ni.sub.1−x−yCo.sub.xAl.sub.yM.sub.t(OH).sub.2+α (where, 0<x≦0.20, 0<y≦0.15, 0≦t≦0.10, 0≦α 0.50, and M is one or more kind of element selected from among Mg, Ca, Ba, Nb, Mo, V, Ti, Zr and Y), or the general formula: Ni.sub.1−x−zCo.sub.xMn.sub.zM.sub.t(OH).sub.2+α (where 0<x≦0.50, 0<z≦0.50, x+z≦0.70, 0≦t≦0.10, 0≦α≦0.50, and M is one or more kind of element selected from among Mg, Ca, Ba, Nb, Mo, V, Ti, Zr and Y) is obtained.

The present invention provides that powder is mainly constituted from secondary particles of hydroxyapatite. The secondary particles are obtained by drying a slurry containing primary particles of hydroxyapatite and aggregates thereof and granulating the primary particles and the aggregates. A bulk density of the powder is 0.65 g/mL or more and a specific surface area of the secondary particles is 70 m.sup.2/g or more. The powder of the present invention has high strength and is capable of exhibiting superior adsorption capability when it is used for an adsorbent an adsorption apparatus has.

Disclosed herein are a nickel-based lithium metal composite oxide, a method of preparing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the same. The nickel-based lithium metal composite oxide includes secondary particles including aggregates of primary particles, wherein a content of nickel in the nickel-based lithium metal composite oxide is 50 mol % or more, based on the total content of transition metals in the nickel-based lithium metal composite oxide, the secondary particles include large secondary particles having a particle size of 10 μm or more and small secondary particles having a particle size of 5 μm or less, and the content of nickel in the large secondary particles is larger than the content of nickel in the small secondary particles.

The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery including the same, and more particularly, to a bimodal-type positive electrode active material that includes a first lithium composite oxide which is a small particle and a second lithium composite oxide which is a large particle, which have different average particle diameters, thereby improving an increasing deviation of an average particle diameter and degraded impedance and lifetime characteristics due to excessive calcination for any one of the small and large particles during simultaneous calcination, a positive electrode including the same, and a lithium secondary battery using the same.

Provided are thin leaf-like indium particles having a first peak and a second peak at a greater particle diameter than a particle diameter at which the first peak appears in a volume-based particle size distribution representing a relationship between particle diameters of indium particles and ratios by volume of the indium particles at the particle diameters, wherein a volume V1 of the indium particles at the first peak and a volume V2 of the indium particles at the second peak satisfy a formula (V1/V2)×100≥25%.

This disclosure provides a composition of matter nucleated from a homogenous nucleation to form a self-assembled binder-less mesoporous carbon-based particle. In some implementations, the composition includes: a plurality of electrically conductive 3D aggregates formed of graphene sheets and sintered together to define a 3D hierarchical open porous structure comprising mesoscale structuring with micron-scale fractal structuring and configured to provide an electrical conduction between contact points of the graphene sheets. A porous arrangement is formed in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure and is arranged to contain a liquid electrolyte configured to provide ion transport through a plurality of interconnected porous channels in the 3D hierarchical open porous structure. A respective porous channel of the plurality of porous channels includes: a first portion configured to provide tunable ion conduits; a second portion configured to facilitate rapid ion transport; and, a third portion configured to at least partially confine active material.

A carbon black is disclosed which can exert excellent abrasion resistance while suppressing heat generation when incorporated into a rubber composition. A carbon black in which the total number of active sites represented by a product of a full width at half maximum of a Raman scattering peak appearing in a range of 1340 to 1360 cm.sup.−1 when an excitation wavelength is 532 nm and a specific surface area when nitrogen gas is adsorbed is 3.60×10.sup.4 to 8.20×10.sup.4 (cm.sup.−1.Math.m.sup.2/g), and when a nuclear magnetic resonance signal of a spin-spin relaxation process observed by a solid echo method is represented by a sum of a first signal and a second signal having a time constant larger than that of the first signal, an amount of hydrogen represented by a signal intensity per unit mass at time 0 of the first signal is 50.0 to 250.0 (/g).

A material synthesis method may comprise: adding at least one liquid precursor solution to an atomizer device; generating by the atomizer device an aerosol comprising liquid droplets; transporting the aerosol to a reactive zone for evaporating one or more solvents from the aerosol; and collecting particles synthesized from at least evaporating the aerosol.