There is provided a spherical organic-inorganic composite particle having good biodegradability. The organic-inorganic composite particle according to the present invention includes 1 to 79% by weight of a silica component and 21 to 99% by weight of a biodegradable plastic. The organic-inorganic composite particle has an average particle diameter d.sub.1 of 0.5 to 25 μm, a true density of 1.03 to 2.00 g/cm.sup.3, and a sphericity of 0.80 or more. A cosmetic product including the organic-inorganic composite particle having such properties has excellent texture properties.

The diamond particle according to the present invention has an ionic conductivity Di represented by the following expression of 0.8 mS/m or lower:
Di=Ds−Dw
wherein Ds represents an ionic conductivity of an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving-out in a pressure cooker test carried out according to IEC68-2-66; and Dw represents an ionic conductivity of distilled water.

A method for modifying surface wettability of a surface of a solid substrate may include contacting the surface of the solid substrate with a brine solution containing carbon nanodots. The carbon nanodots may have carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen as constituent elements and may include one or more functional groups disposed at outer surfaces of the carbon nanodots. The brine solution has a salinity of greater than 30,000 TDS. A concentration of carbon nanodots in the brine solution is less than or equal to 500 ppmw. Contacting the solid substrate with the brine solution comprising the carbon nanodots is characterized by a contact duration, a contact volume, or both, that is sufficient to reduce the oil wettability of the surface of the solid substrate by at least 15%, as defined by a contact angle of a crude oil droplet contacted with the surface of the solid substrate.

A method for making a material of formula Li.sub.xM.sub.1-zD.sub.zPO.sub.4, where M is one or more transition metals, D represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zn, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sc, Y, and rare earth elements, 0.8≤x≤1.2 and 0≤z≤0.2, the method comprising the steps of: a) forming a mixture comprising a source of the one or more transition metals, a source of phosphorus, a source of lithium and a surfactant, and optionally a source of D, wherein (i) a ratio of Li:PO.sub.4:(M+D) relative to the stoichiometry required to form the material is within the range of 1.04-1.10:1.00-1.05:1, or (ii) a ratio of (Li+PO.sub.4):(M+D) relative to the stoichiometry required to form the material is greater than 2.05; b) drying the mixture from step (a) to form particles r a powder; and c) thermally treating the particles or powder from step (b) to form the material.

The present application discloses an electrochemiluminescence immunosensor. The immunosensor includes an electrode functionalized by a nanocomposite film. The film further includes carbon nanohorns dispersed in Nafion® perfluorinated resin solution. The polymeric solution is further stabilized by magnetic nanoparticles. The immunosensor is a Point of care (POC)-based. The immunosensor is configured to work in the range from 100 ng/mL to 1 fg/mL, and has tendency to detect even traces of the tropomyosin. The immunosensor is capable to detect traces even less than 1 fg/mL, hence having high specificity for Tro-Ag detection in food products with distinguished repeatability.

Disclosed herein are graphene coatings characterized by a porous, three-dimensional, spherical structure having a hollow core, along with methods for forming such graphene coatings on glasses, glass-ceramics, ceramics, and crystalline materials. Such coatings can be further coated with organic or inorganic layers and are useful in chemical and electronic applications.

A sulfide solid electrolyte, which is able to adjust the morphology unavailable traditionally, or is readily adjusted so as to have a desired morphology, the sulfide solid electrolyte having a volume-based average particle diameter measured by laser diffraction particle size distribution measurement of 3 μm or more and a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 20 m.sup.2/g or more; and a method of treating a sulfide solid electrolyte including the sulfide solid electrolyte being subjected to at least one mechanical treatment selected from disintegration and granulation.

Surface-modified zinc oxide particles which have a silane coupling agent having an alkoxy group on surfaces thereof, in which d50 when measured with a laser diffraction/scattering type particle size distribution-measuring instrument by the following measurement method is 4 μm or less. (Measurement method) 10 g of the surface-modified zinc oxide particles, 88 g of cyclopentasiloxane, and 2 g of polyglyceryl-3 polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone are mixed to obtain a liquid mixture, a dispersion treatment is performed on the obtained liquid mixture at 9,500 rpm for 5 minutes using a homogenizer to obtain a liquid dispersion, the liquid dispersion is diluted with cyclopentasiloxane so that a content of the surface-modified zinc oxide particles in the obtained liquid dispersion is 0.01% by mass to produce a measurement solution, and d50 is measured with the laser diffraction/scattering type particle size distribution-measuring instrument using the obtained measurement solution.

A composite aerogel material includes a carbonized aerogel defining a 3D porous structure and a silicon-based material dispersed within the 3D porous structure, wherein the silicon-based material includes at least 70% by mass fraction. A method of manufacturing a composite aerogel material includes mixing water, an acrylonitrile monomer, silicon particles, a surfactant, a thermal polymerization initiator, and a solvent and heating as a solution. The solution is quenched, wherein a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) silicon nanoparticle micro bead gel precipitates from the solution. A solvent exchange then occurs to form a silicon-based aerogel material, which is then freeze dried. The silicon-based aerogel material is carbonized to form a composite aerogel material comprising a carbonized aerogel defining a 3D porous structure and a silicon-based material dispersed within pores of the carbonized aerogel.

A process for producing a particulate TiO.sub.2 includes supplementing metatitanic acid with an alkali compound in a quantity of 1200 ppm to 2400 ppm of alkali, with a phosphorus compound in a quantity of 0.1 wt.-% to 0.3 wt.-% by weight of P, expressed as phosphorus, and with an aluminum compound in a quantity of 1 ppm to 1000 ppm of Al, expressed as Al, to obtain a mixture. The quantity of the alkali compound, of the phosphorus compound, and of the aluminum compound are with respect to the TiO.sub.2 content. The mixture is calcined at a constant temperature of 940° C. to 1020° C. until a numerical fraction X.sub.50 of TiO.sub.2 has a primary crystallite size of at least 200 nm, to obtain a calcined mixture. The calcined mixture is cooled to obtain a cooled calcined mixture. The cooled calcined mixture is grinded to obtain the particulate TiO.sub.2.