A process for the conversion of hardwood and bamboo to engineered carbon is disclosed. The biomass feedstock of hardwood and bamboo is placed into a holding canister, and the holding canister is lowered into the sealable reactor vessel. The biomass feedstock is ignited, and superheated stream and/or water is metered, or alternately steam is created in situ by introduction of water, into the process. The process is controlled by supplying compressed air and steam, or in situ water, and releasing process gases. The process is performed in an oxygen deprived state. Steam, or in situ water, is injected at the end of the cycle to end the thermal conversion and clean the resulting engineered carbon.

The present invention relates to a nitric oxide water generating system including: a nitric oxide generating part for generating nitric oxide steam from water and air supplied to a reaction chamber through arc discharge; a refining part connected to the nitric oxide generating part to refine the nitric oxide steam generated from the nitric oxide generating part into high purity nitric oxide steam through an adsorbent filtration material; a condensing part connected to the refining part to condense the nitric oxide steam refined by the refining part into nitric oxide water in liquid phase through a water-cooling chiller and an air-cooling chiller; and a purifying part connected to the nitric oxide generating part and, if the water in the reaction chamber becomes turbid, for automatically purifying the turbid water in accordance with a signal sensed from a sensor for sensing a pre-set electric current value of a discharge power source.

A method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery includes a mixing step of mixing a lithium-nickel composite oxide which is a starting material with a tungsten compound powder without lithium, while being heated, to prepare a tungsten mixture, and a heat treatment step of heat-treating the tungsten mixture. The lithium-nickel composite oxide contains lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), and an element M (M), wherein, the element M is at least one element selected from Mn, V, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ti, Co, and Al, wherein, in the starting material, a ratio of number of tungsten atoms to a total number of nickel atom and the element M atoms contained in the lithium-nickel composite oxide is 0.05 at. % or more and 3.00 at. % or less.

A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery containing lithium composite oxide particles is provided, the lithium composite oxide particles including lithium, nickel, manganese, zirconium, and an additive element M in an amount of substance ratio of Li:Ni:Mn:Zr:M=a:b:c:d:e, wherein 0.95≤a≤1.20, 0.10≤b<0.70, 0.01≤c≤0.50, 0.0003≤d≤0.02, and 0.01≤e≤0.50, and the additive element M is one or more elements selected from Co, W, Mo, V, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, and Ta. A half-value width FWHM.sub.(003) of a peak of a (003) plane and a half-value width FWHM.sub.(104) of a peak of a (104) plane calculated from an X-ray diffraction pattern in the lithium composite oxide satisfy the relation FWHM.sub.(104)≥FWHM.sub.(003)×2.90−0.10.

A method may reduce the hygroscopicity of a material including calcium carbonate using at least one copolymer for assisting in grinding which is neutralized in a particular way, as well as a method for packaging such a material. The copolymer may have a molecular mass measured by SEC in a range of from 4,000 to 20,000 g/mol, and a polydispersity index in a range of from 1.5 to 4.0, and may be prepared by polymerizing acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, optionally in salt form, and non-ionic monomer(s) including hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 acrylate ester, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 methacrylate ester, or combinations thereof, wherein the carboxylic acid groups may be at least partially neutralized by 70 mol. % of Na.sup.+ and from 10 to 30 mol % of Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, and/or Li.sup.+.

A method of preparing a positive electrode active material includes mixing a lithium raw material with a high nickel-containing transition metal hydroxide containing nickel in an amount of 60 mol % or more based on a total number of moles of the transition metal hydroxide and sintering the mixture to prepare a positive electrode active material, wherein the sintering includes a sintering step of heat-treating at 700° C. to 900° C. for 8 hours to 12 hours, a cooling step of cooling to room temperature, and an aging step of having a holding time when a temperature reaches a specific point during the cooling step. A positive electrode active material which is prepared by the method and has a reduced moisture content, and a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery which include the positive electrode active material are also provided.

The present disclosure provides a preparation method of nano-aluminum oxide (nano-Al.sub.2O.sub.3) with a controllable hydroxyl content, belonging to the technical field of nano-alumina. H.sub.2O.sub.2 dissolved in water dissociates a large number of hydroxyl radicals. In the present disclosure, a resulting H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution is used as a solvent for precipitation; during the precipitation, a soluble aluminum salt and a pore-enlarging agent are reacted to generate a precipitate under alkaline conditions, and the hydroxyl radicals are distributed on a surface of the precipitate. During drying, the hydroxyl radicals are converted into bound water and distributed on a surface and in pores of an aluminum hydroxide precursor; during roasting, the bound water is destroyed to form hydroxyl. The hydroxyl content of the nano-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 can be regulated by controlling a concentration of the H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution, and the nano-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 has the hydroxyl content positively correlated with the concentration of the H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution.

According to one embodiment, a gas recovering apparatus includes a casing and a tube. The casing is provided with an inlet through which a gas flows in, a first outlet for discharging a first gas containing a gas to be recovered of the gas, and a second outlet for discharging a second gas other than the first gas of the gas. The casing is evacuated via the first outlet. The tube is provided in the casing from the inlet to the second outlet, and has a high permeability to the first gas and a low permeability to the second gas.

The invention is directed to a process to prepare an activated carbon product and a gaseous fraction comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a mixture of gaseous organic compounds from a solid torrefied biomass feed comprising the following steps. (i) subjecting the solid biomass feed to a pyrolysis reaction thereby obtaining a gaseous fraction comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a mixture of gaseous organic compounds and a solid fraction comprising of char particles. (ii) separating the solids fraction from the gaseous fraction. and (iii) activating the char particles as obtained in step (ii) to obtain the activated carbon product.

A process for preparing methanol from a carbon-containing feedstock by producing synthesis gas therefrom in a synthesis gas production unit, converting the synthesis gas to methanol in a methanol synthesis unit and working up the reaction mixture obtained stepwise to isolate the methanol, wherein the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether and methane components of value from the streams separated off in the isolation of the methanol are combusted with an oxygenous gas, and the carbon dioxide in the resultant flue gas is separated off in a carbon dioxide recovery unit and recycled to the synthesis gas production unit and/or to the methanol synthesis unit.