The present invention relates to a water treatment agent, a preparation method therefor, a water treatment apparatus using the same, and an in-situ groundwater treatment apparatus and, more specifically, to: a water treatment agent comprising a carbon nanotube support, and -manganese dioxide nanoparticles adsorbed on the carbon nanotube support and having a particle size of 1,000 nm or less; a preparation method therefor; a water treatment apparatus using the same; and an in-situ groundwater treatment apparatus.

Embodiments of a fluid treatment device and methods of use are described. Device embodiments typically include a barrel including a cavity with deflectors contained therein, and an energy chamber proximate the barrel. The energy chamber contains radionuclides such as, but not limited to U-238, U-235, and Th-232. Methods of use of fluid treatment device embodiments include treating water by passing the water through the barrel cavity and irrigating plants with the treated water. The water typically takes a circuitous path through the cavity because the deflectors obstruct a straight path through the cavity. Method of use examples include delivering the treated water by use of center-pivot irrigation. Plants irrigated with treated water typically require less water and produce greater yields than irrigated plants that receive no treated water.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

A phosphor composition, containing one or more phosphors having on a surface thereof a coating selected from silica, diamond, and diamond-like carbon, wherein the one or more phosphors are configured to emit radiation upon interaction with an initiation energy.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

Methods and systems for preventing biofouling of membranes utilized in water treatment processes (i.e., water treatment membranes) are described. Methods include X-ray excitation of luminescent materials capable of emitting in the violet to UV range (e.g., from about 180 nm to about 440 nm). X-rays are directed at water treatment modules to contact the luminescent materials within the modules and excite internal violet/UV to prevent biofouling of membranes. The methods can be utilized in conjunction with existing processing equipment and can prevent biofouling of water treatment membranes in high volume treatment processes in an environmentally friendly fashion.

A method and system for water injection into an oil and/or gas containing subterranean formation is shown, the method comprising: arranging a submerged water filtration station with a pump feeding inlet seawater through at least one filtering membrane to a water injection pump, subjecting the water to ionizing irradiation at a location between the seawater inlet and the water injection pump, whereby at said location the water is guided past a submerged radiation source which is distributed for penetration of the body of injection water.

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The energy modulation agent has a normal predominant emission of radiation in a first wavelength range outside of a second wavelength range (WR2) known to produce the change, but under exposure to the applied initiation energy produces the change. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.