A desalination apparatus 12 (liquid treatment apparatus) includes a first water treatment unit 26 (liquid treatment unit) that includes a reverse osmosis membrane and in which a treated liquid is separated into a permeate that permeates the reverse osmosis membrane and a concentrate other than the permeate, a water recovery unit 28 (liquid recovery unit) that includes a reverse osmosis membrane and in which the concentrate is separated into a recovered liquid that permeates the reverse osmosis membrane and a waste liquid other than the recovered liquid, and a pressure increasing means that increases a liquid pressure of the concentrate, such that a state capable of separating into the recovered liquid and the waste liquid in the liquid recovery unit continues, and that directly feeds the concentrate from the liquid treatment unit to the liquid recovery unit.

The disclosure provides a compact and high-rate bioreactor for wastewater treatment comprising a feeding port for introducing a feed of waste material, a reaction zone in liquid communication with the feed port when the bioreactor is in operation and having an aerator to provide an airlift configuration in the reaction zone; a settling zone comprising a separator for separating a liquid effluent from solid particles; a liquid effluent outlet port for withdrawing the liquid effluent; and a solids outlet port for removing solids. Further provided is a spiral separator for use in a bioreactor and a system comprising the bioreactor and a membrane separator to provide hygienic water.

Filtration vessels containing multiple filtration elements, and devices and processes for detection of leaks within these filtration elements.

A system for processing leachate is provided. The system has an ultrafiltration unit that receives the leachate and produces both an ultrafiltration permeate and an ultrafiltration reject. The system recovers the ultrafiltration reject and recirculates it through the ultrafiltration unit to produce a combined ultrafiltration permeate. The system also has a nanofiltration unit that receives the combined ultrafiltration permeate and produces both a nanofiltration permeate and a nanofiltration reject. The system also has a carbon filtration system that receives the nanofiltration reject and produces a carbon filtration permeate. The system also has a system output that receives the nanofiltration permeate and the carbon filtration permeate and produces a mixture of both permeates as an output mixture.

Provided are porous polymeric filter membranes comprising a polymer having admixed therein at least one carbonaceous material. The membranes are capable of removing trace amounts of various impurities from a liquid composition, including metal ions, acids, bases, and organic contaminants.

Water containing selenium, for example flue gas desulfurization (FGD) blowdown water is treated with a combination of biological and chemical treatment and membrane filtration. The biologically treated water is dosed with a dithiocarbamate compound and flocculated prior to membrane filtration. Optionally, the treatment may be enhanced with one or more adsorptive agents prior to, or in conjunction with, membrane filtration. Membrane concentrate may be re-circulated to one or more biological treatment zones. The biological treatment may be by way of suspended growth, fixed growth on a moving bed, or both. One or more biological treatment zones may be controlled considering their oxygen reduction potential (ORP). Optionally, the biological treatment includes an aerobic zone following one or more anoxic or anaerobic zones. The non-aerobic zones remove selenium and optionally nitrogen and sulfur. The aerobic zone removes carbon, which may include carbon added as a nutrient in a non-aerobic zone.

Plasma discharges and electromagnetic fields may be applied to a liquid, such as water, for desalinization purposes and to treat unwanted material in the liquid.

A calcium and/or magnesium additive for membrane fouling control made up of particles for forming a dynamic protective layer on the membrane for fouling control of the membrane, when added in the liquid flowing through the membrane, wherein the particles are synthetic mineral precipitate particles based on calcium and/or magnesium selected from the group consisting of ultrafine synthetic mineral precipitate particles and microfine synthetic mineral precipitate particles, as well as a process and system for membrane fouling control.

A system for membrane fouling control configured to run one or more filter cycles, wherein each filter cycle of the one or more filter cycles includes an operation mode and a cleaning mode. The system includes: a first conduct portion; a second conduct portion; a membrane arranged between the first conduct portion and the second conduct portion. The membrane is configured in the operation mode to filter a liquid to be filtered by conducting it from the first conduct portion to the second conduct portion. A fouling control means filled with fouling control particles is added in the operation mode in the first conduct portion so that a dynamic protective layer is formed on the membrane. The fouling control particles are mineral particles based on calcium and/or magnesium.

A pretreatment method is provided for efficiently recovering a solvent from a raw material mixture comprising water, the solvent and a polymer dissolved and/or dispersed therein.

The pretreatment method includes a step of subjecting the raw material mixture 12 to an ultrafiltration treatment 16, 18 to filter out the polymer so as to obtain a filtrate 36 of which polymer content is reduced.