A biofouling/biofilm removal system includes a filtration module configured to separate a permeate from a feed; a first inert electrode placed at an inlet of the filtration module; a second inert electrode placed at an outlet of the filtration module; and a power source configured to apply a current between the first and second electrodes. The inlet is configured to receive the feed and the outlet is configured to discard a concentrate, and the current applied between the first and second electrodes initiates electrochemical reactions inside the feed and along a biofilm formed in the filtration module, but not into the permeate.

A desalination cell including an electrode including a material having at least one compound of the following formula: A.sub.xM.sup.I.sub.yM.sup.II.sub.z(CN).sub.6, where A is Na, Li or K, 0≤x≤2, M.sup.I is a first metal, M.sup.II is a second metal, 1≤y, and z≤2. The material is configured to reduce calcium carbonate formation and/or carbon dioxide gas formation during operation of the desalination cell. The first metal may be Fe, Mn, Co, Sc, Ti, Cr or Zn. The second metal is Fe, Mn, Co, Sc, Ti, Cr or Zn. The first metal may be different than the second metal.

Methods, systems, and techniques for desalinating monovalent anion species from wastewater. A system includes an electrodialysis stack that performs the desalination. The stack has a cathode, an anode, and at least one electrodialysis cell. The at least one electrodialysis cell includes a product chamber, a metal cation concentrating chamber adjacent to a cathodic side of the product chamber, and a transfer solution chamber adjacent to an anodic side of the product chamber. The product chamber and the metal cation concentrating chamber are each bounded by and share a cation exchange membrane, the product chamber and the transfer solution chamber are each bounded by and share a monovalent anion exchange membrane, and the transfer solution chamber is bounded on an anodic side by one of an anion exchange membrane and a monovalent anion exchange membrane. The wastewater may be generated by a flue gas desulfurization process.

A water treatment device, preferably a device used for treating waters intended for a domestic and/or industrial use, includes a filtration apparatus and an ionization apparatus accommodated together in a container.

A method of managing ionization for biofouling control in a water intake system that includes channeling a supply water stream through an electrochemical cell, monitoring at least one parameter of the supply water stream, determining an ion concentration threshold for the supply water stream based on the at least one parameter, and controlling the electrochemical cell such that ions are discharged into the supply water stream. The electrochemical cell is controlled such that an ion concentration of a treated water stream discharged from the electrochemical cell is greater than the ion concentration threshold.

A water delivery system for delivering demineralized water to a consuming unit of a motor vehicle, in particular to a combustion engine, encompassing: a water tank having a filling opening; a first aspiration line; a first water pump; a discharge line; a discharge apparatus; a demineralization apparatus for demineralizing water; the first water pump being fluidically connected via the first aspiration line to an internal volume of the water tank; the discharge apparatus being fluidically connected via the discharge line to the first water pump.

Disclosed herein are corrosion prevention devices comprising a sacrificial anode and a mass sensor. Also disclosed herein are corrosion prevention devices comprising a controller in communication with the mass sensor and sacrificial anode. The controller can be configured to receive mass data to detect when the mass of the sacrificial anode has fallen below a predetermined threshold. Upon determining that the mass has fallen below the predetermined threshold, the controller can designate that the sacrificial anode is depleted. In response, the controller can output instructions for performing one or more corrective actions to protect the desired structure from corrosion.

The invention provides a deionization system (1000) configured to deionize an aqueous liquid (10), wherein the deionization system (1000) comprises: (a) a recirculation loop (100) comprising a first loop inlet (111), a first loop outlet (121) and a second loop outlet (122); (b) a flow generation apparatus (200), configured to generate flow of the aqueous liquid (10) in the deionization system (1000); (c) an electrosorption cell unit (300) comprising a treatment section (305) for said aqueous liquid (10), wherein the treatment section (305) comprises (a) a first electrosorption electrode arrangement (310) comprising a first electrosorption electrode (311), (b) a second electrosorption electrode arrangement (320) comprising a second electrosorption electrode (321), (c) a first treatment section opening (331) for introduction of the aqueous liquid (10) from the recirculation loop (100), and (d) a second treatment section opening (332) for releasing aqueous liquid (10) into the recirculation loop (100), wherein the treatment section (305) is configured downstream from the first loop inlet (111) and upstream of the second loop outlet (122).

The invention concerns a subsea water processing system comprising an electrochemical unit that uses raw or treated seawater to generate high pH and low pH solutions that are used to clean at least one subsea process apparatus during a cleaning cycle by circulation through the at least one subsea process apparatus via acid or base flow lines connecting the electrochemical unit with the subsea process apparatus on-site.

A system and method for increasing the water production efficiency of a desalination plant and producing concentrated calcium and magnesium is provided. A saline source water is preferably subjected to a first treatment such a passage through a first desalination unit, followed by dual treatment of the first treatment reject stream using physicochemical adsorption and electrodialysis to remove scale-forming calcium and magnesium. The reject stream from the dual treatment may then be received by a second desalination unit. Due to the removal of the majority of the saline source water's scale-forming minerals, the second desalination unit may be operated at higher operating limits than in conventional desalination units without significant concern for fouling due to scaling. The approach of the present system and method efficiently increases the fresh water production ratio from the source saline water while generating commercially attractive concentrated calcium and magnesium products.