Disclosed herein are methods of using reactor outputs to purify materials. For example, methods of using acid and/or base produced in a reactor to purify materials (e.g., limestone, dolomite, waste streams, and/or ash) are described herein. Related systems are also described.

The invention relates to a system for the ionisation of water by electrolysis, for swimming pools, operating by means of mechanical kinetic energy of the water driven from the filtration system of a swimming pool. The invention relates to a system for the ionisation of water of swimming pools or tanks by electrolysis. Said pools or tanks must be provided with a water circulation system. The system can be easily installed in all types of swimming pool without affecting the original character thereof, and uses an autonomous and safe source of energy, the electric power being generated by the kinetic energy accumulated in the water, produced by the driving system for the filtration of the swimming pool water. This energy is used both for the generation of electricity used in the production of ions by electrolysis, and as a source for indicating operation. Kinetic energy is also used as a source of energy for the element for actuating the electrode cleaner.

There is provided an electrolysis device configured to use unpurified water containing a small amount of ions of alkaline earth metal such as Ca and Mg as raw water, and to have a structure of supplying the raw water to a cathode chamber in which deposition of scale of the alkaline earth metal on the surface of a cathode provided in the cathode chamber can be prevented. The electrolysis device and the apparatus for producing electrolyzed ozone water are configured by an electrolysis cell formed in a manner that a membrane-electrode assembly is configured by a solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane formed by a cation exchange membrane, and an anode and a cathode which are respectively adhered to both surfaces of the solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane, and the membrane-electrode assembly is compressed from both surfaces thereof, and thus the solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane, the anode, and the cathode are adhered to each other. A porous conductive metallic material having flexibility and having multiple fine voids therein is used as the cathode, and scale which is mainly formed of hydroxide of alkaline earth metal is stored in fine voids in the cathode, and thus localized deposition of hydroxide of the alkaline earth metal at a contact interface between the cathode and the solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane is prevented.

A novel magnesium-based alloy is described. The alloy is particularly suitable for the construction of electrodes, especially anodes, that can be used for an electrochemical process, such as the synthesis of struvite. The magnesium-based alloy is an AZXY alloy in which A is aluminium and Z is zinc, X represents the content, expressed in wt. %, of the first element, and Y the content, expressed in wt. %, of the second element. The AZXY alloy according to the invention has 2%≤X≤4% and 0.5%≤Y≤2%, and an iron (Fe) content of less than 0.005%, and preferably less than 0.003%. The anodes constituted by this novel alloy have a much slower corrosion speed and improved performances compared to existing anodes. An electrode cartridge comprising said alloy and suitable for being inserted into an electrolytic reactor so as to form, once assembled, an electrocoagulation unit, is also described.

Provided is a water treatment device configured to perform a deionization treatment for the water to be treated, and the water treatment device includes a pressing member, a treatment container configured to store the water to be treated, a first electrode and a second electrode accommodated in the treatment container, a separator arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a pair of collectors, which are accommodated in the treatment container, and are configured to apply a voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode. The pressing member is configured to press the first electrode and the second electrode in the treatment container.

Described herein are methods and apparatus for solid-liquid separation with high efficiency, especially in treating spent filter backwash and sedimentation tank sludge produced in the water treatment process. It combines and applies gravity, electromagnetic force, dynamic filtration, and gravity condensation, magnetic and gravitational compression in one integrated device that produces high quality effluent water (less than 10 ppm suspended solid) and highly condensed sludge (less than 94-96% water content).

A water-disinfecting apparatus includes a vessel with a cathode, an insert with a photoanode, an ultraviolet light source configured to be positioned in the insert, and a power source. The cathode forms an electrically conductive layer on an inner surface of the vessel. The photoanode is configured to be positioned in the cathode. The power source is configured to be operably coupled to the cathode, the photoanode, and the light source.

An automatic water faucet device 1 includes: an electrolysis tank 37 that electrolyzes water to generate electrolyzed water; a second water discharge part 13 for discharging the electrolyzed water, a second flow path 18 that extends from the electrolysis tank 37 to the second water discharge part 13; a second solenoid valve 28 that switches between supply and blocking of normal water with respect to the electrolysis tank 37, and a controller 40 that controls the electrolysis tank 37 and the second solenoid valve 28. The controller 40 energizes the electrolysis tank 37 to discharge the electrolyzed water and thereafter stops the energization of the electrolysis tank 37 and maintains an open state of the second solenoid valve 28, to stop the supply of the electrolyzed water to the second flow path 18 and to supply normal water to the second flow path 18.

A novel cell for generating ozonated water, the cell comprises a nafion membrane separating a diamond coated anode, and a gold surfaced cathode enclosed within a cell housing with the catalyst side of the nafion membrane facing the cathode. The cell housing has a cathode housing portion and an anode housing portion separated by the membrane, each housing portion having ridges to enhance substantially even flow of fluid over the cathode and anode. The housing portions contain O-rings in grooves to prevent leaks, and alignment features to keep the electrodes aligned. The cathode and anode have an array of holes allowing fluid to penetrate to the surface of the niobium membrane. Input ports allow fluid to flow into the housing and over the anode and cathode and then out of the housing through outlet ports. The housing may also incorporate an integrated spectral photometer including a bubble trap.

The present invention relates to a single module, flow-electrode apparatus for continuous water desalination, ion separation and selective ion removal and concentration by capacitive deionization, comprising: a first current collector (1), a first compartment (1′) for a flow electrode, a first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM), a first liquid-permeable channel (6a) next to the first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM), a second ion exchange membrane (CEM, AEM) with a fixed charge opposite to that of the first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM) next to the first liquid-permeable channel (6a), a second liquid-permeable channel (6b) next to the second ion exchange membrane (CEM, AEM), a third ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM) having the same fixed charge as the first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM) next to the second liquid-permeable channel (6b), a second compartment (2′) for a flow electrode, and a second current collector (2), wherein a fluid (4) containing suspended conductive particles or a mixture of conductive and non-conductive particles or particles made of a mixture of conductive and non-conductive materials (5) is provided in the first and second compartments (1′, 2′), acting as the flow electrode, as well as a corresponding method.