The present teaching relates to method, system, medium, and implementations for storage management. A hash table is constructed, having an index file having one or more slots, each of which includes one or more buckets. Each bucket stores one or more types of records, including a direct record, an indirect record, and a forwarding record. A direct record stores data directly in a bucket of a slot of the index file. When a storage request is received related to some relevant data, the request is handled based on the constructed hash table.

A resin-wafer electrodeionization (RW-EDI) apparatus for purifying water for coffee brewing comprises a cathode; an anode; and multiple porous solid resin wafer exchange units arranged in a stack between the cathode and the anode, and an air distributor adapted and arranged to aerate the water to be purified. Each unit comprises a monovalent cation exchange membrane (CEM), an anion exchange membrane (AEM), and an ion exchange resin wafer between the CEM and the AEM, which is in contact with, and in fluid flow connection with the CEM and AEM. Each resin wafer comprises a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin. The units are oriented with the CEM facing the cathode and the AEM facing the anode, with space between the units defining ion concentrate chambers. Bipolar ion exchange membranes separate the anode and cathode from their nearest resin wafer exchange units.

An electrodialysis apparatus comprises a first reservoir wherein salt dissolved in solvent is reduced below a threshold concentration and a second reservoir wherein the salt concentration increases. A first electrode contacts a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode contacts a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs and a second type of membrane is disposed between the first electrode and the first reservoir and between the second electrode and the second reservoir. A color measuring device is coupled to at least one of the solutions, and a control system is configured to modify the value of a property of at least one of the first and second solutions in response to detecting a color value of one of the solutions exceeding a threshold color value.

A fluid treatment apparatus and related methods involving the use of replaceable treatment cartridges that include a treatment media, wherein the treatment cartridge is electrically enhanced to form regions of differing polarity within the cartridge. The treatment cartridge can include a pair of fixed polarity conductors that can be electrically connected to a power source so as to induce regions of differing polarity within the cartridge. The fluid treatment apparatus can be utilized to treat liquids including aqueous solutions as well as gases such as an air supply by exposing the fluid to the regions of differing polarity.

A system for electrochemically enhanced water filtration is provided. The system includes: a chamber plug-flow electrochemical cell; a first cathode and anode pair disposed in the cell; and a second cathode and anode pair disposed in the cell. The first and the second pair are collectively operative to apply a 2D electric field in at least one of a horizontal direction and a vertical direction with respect to the chamber plug-flow electrochemical cell.

A system for treating a source of water contaminated with PFAS is disclosed. The system includes a PFAS separation stage having an inlet fluidly connectable to the source of water contaminated with PFAS, a diluate outlet, and a concentrate outlet and a PFAS elimination stage positioned downstream of the PFAS separation stage and having an inlet fluidly connected to an outlet of the PFAS separation stage, the elimination of the PFAS occurring onsite with respect to the source of water contaminated with PFAS, with the system maintaining an elimination rate of PFAS greater than about 99%. A method of treating water contaminated with PFAS is also disclosed. The method includes introducing contaminated water from a source of water contaminated with a first concentration of PFAS to an inlet of a

PFAS separation stage, treating the contaminated water in the PFAS separation stage to produce a product water substantially free of PFAS and a PFAS concentrate having a second PFAS concentration greater than the first PFAS concentration, introducing the PFAS concentrate to an inlet of a PFAS elimination stage; and activating the PFAS elimination stage to eliminate the PFAS in the PFAS concentrate. A method of retrofitting a water treatment system as described herein is also disclosed. The method includes providing a PFAS elimination module as described herein and fluidly connecting the PFAS elimination module downstream of a PFAS separation stage.

A control system includes one or more levels of control of power and energy. At one level, a first controller optimally divides power between two or more processes, to maximize instantaneous production, for a given amount of currently available power. In the case of EDR desalination, electric power is optimally divided between ion exchange membranes and pumps to maximize instantaneous production of desalinated water for a given amount of available electric power. Optionally, at another level, a second controller divides time-varying power between the processes fed by the first level controller and an energy storage unit, based on a prediction of future power availability and a function. In the EDR case, power generated by a photovoltaic array is divided between the EDR desalination process and a battery, based on a prediction of future PV power availability and a function, to ensure reliable water production in the future.

A bipolar capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode includes a circular current collector having a central hole and inner and outer circumferential surfaces; a nano-carbon coating layer formed on at least top and bottom surfaces of the circular current collector; and a hydrophobic polymer coating layer respectively disposed over the inner and outer circumferential surfaces of the current collector. Maintenance and management is facilitated by a bipolar CDI electrode module configured such that individual parts are formed to be removably attached. A water treatment apparatus including the bipolar CDI electrode module exhibits high water treatment efficiency, superior long-term stability, and easy maintenance and management, while solving terminal corrosion problems due to the formation of a hydrophobic polymer coating layer on the surface of an electrode terminal.

Biocide can be controllably added to a feed stream for a membrane. In some examples, the feed stream is separated into a primary feed stream and a secondary feed stream, for example, with the secondary feed stream having a lower flow rate than the primary feed stream. The secondary feed stream may be used to monitor and control the addition of the biocide, which is then diluted when the secondary feed stream is combined with the primary feed stream to form a combined stream for delivery to the membrane.

A composite that includes graphene and an interfacially-polymerized polyamide, where the composite is in the form of a self-supporting membrane having a graphene side opposite to a polyamide side, or the composite is in the form of a microparticle comprising a graphene core and a polyamide shell, a method of manufacture of the composites by interfacial polymerization and methods of use of the composite are described.