An apparatus for processing a substrate includes a housing, a support unit that supports the substrate in the housing, a nozzle that dispenses a processing liquid onto the substrate, and a liquid supply unit that supplies the processing liquid to the nozzle. The liquid supply unit includes a container having a storage space in which the processing liquid is stored, a liquid supply tube through which the processing liquid flows from the container to the nozzle, and an ultrasonic-wave application member that applies ultrasonic waves to the processing liquid before the processing liquid is supplied to the nozzle. The ultrasonic-wave application member includes a liquid reservoir having an interior space in which a liquid is received and an ultrasonic generator that applies ultrasonic waves to the liquid received in the liquid reservoir. Part of the liquid supply tube is immersed in the liquid received in the liquid reservoir.

A method of removing solids from a drilling fluid that includes applying a first electric current to a first screen of a screen assembly within a vibratory screening machine; passing the drilling fluid through the screen assembly while the first electric current is applied to allow electroseparation of solids within the drilling fluid; and removing electroseparated solids from the drilling fluid.

In at least one illustrative embodiment, an electromagnetic filter may include a transfer pipe and multiple electromagnetic filter elements positioned in an interior volume of the pipe. Each electromagnetic filter element includes a support comb, a solenoid coupled to the support comb, and multiple magnetic members arranged in a planar array positioned within an opening of the support comb. Each magnetic member may rotate about an end that is coupled to the support comb. The magnetic members may be magnetostrictive sensors and may include a biorecognition element to bind with a target microorganism. A method for fluid filtration includes coupling the electromagnetic filter between a fluid source and a fluid destination, energizing the solenoids of each electromagnetic filter elements, and flowing a fluid media through the transfer pipe of the electromagnetic filter. The fluid media may be liquid food such as fruit juice. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

A method of sterilizing ballast water contains providing a device in a pressurized cabin of a ship, the device includes: a first sterilization unit, multiple second sterilization units, and a third sterilization unit. The first sterilizer includes a first valve connected with a first pump via at least one first pipe, and the multiple second sterilization units are soaked in ballast water of the pressurized cabin. A method of sterilizing the ballast water contains steps of: S1. feeding seawater into the first valve from an exterior of the ship and pumping the seawater into the first sterilizer via the at least one first pipe; S2. magnetizing, wherein the first sterilizer has multiple magnetization elements so as to destroy cell walls of microorganism and bacteria in the seawater by using a magnetic field of the multiple magnetization elements; and S3. inhibiting a growth of the microorganism and the bacteria.

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin, remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion.

In at least one illustrative embodiment, an electromagnetic filter may include a transfer pipe and multiple electromagnetic filter elements positioned in an interior volume of the pipe. Each electromagnetic filter element includes a support comb, a solenoid coupled to the support comb, and multiple magnetic members arranged in a planar array positioned within an opening of the support comb. Each magnetic member may rotate about an end that is coupled to the support comb. The magnetic members may be magnetostrictive sensors and may include a biorecognition element to bind with a target microorganism. A method for fluid filtration includes coupling the electromagnetic filter between a fluid source and a fluid destination, energizing the solenoids of each electromagnetic filter elements, and flowing a fluid media through the transfer pipe of the electromagnetic filter. The fluid media may be liquid food such as fruit juice. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

A water treatment unit with a housing having a housing interior and an oscillation unit mounted so as to oscillate in the housing interior. The oscillation unit can be set in oscillation by a coil through which an electrical alternating signal flows, wherein a water inlet and a water outlet are provided on the housing, and wherein a flow area is formed between the inner wall of the housing that delimits the housing interior and the oscillation unit, the flow area being designed such that water flowing from the water inlet to the water outlet flows around the oscillation unit.

In at least one illustrative embodiment, an electromagnetic filter may include a pipe and a magnetic field generator such as an array of permanent magnets. The magnetic field generator generates a magnetic field through a filter section of the pipe. Multiple filter elements are positioned within the filter section of the pipe. The filter elements include a magnetic material and a biorecognition element to bind with a microorganism. The biorecognition element may be a bacteriophage that is genetically engineered to bind with the microorganism. The magnetic field forces the filter elements to positions within the filter section of the pipe. A fluid media may be flowed from an inlet of the pipe to an outlet of the pipe, through the filter section. The fluid media may be a liquid food such as fruit juice. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

A system for treating a polar liquid includes a signal generator for providing an alternating electrical current, and a transducer electrically coupled to the signal generator. The transducer includes a solenoidal coil and two ferromagnetic end pieces at the ends of the coil and transverse thereto. In operation, the transducer is at least partially immersed in a polar liquid and, when energized with the current provides a magnetic field into the liquid, the field may change a property of the liquid, e.g. an interfacial mass transfer rate. This can be used in many different industrial applications.

A water treatment system including a filter compartment having a filter material adapted for removing at least one of neutrons and alpha particles from water. The filter material may comprise at least one of paraffin, cadmium, and bismuth. The filter compartment can also have a second filter material adapted for removing at least one of chloride ions and transmuted chlorine ions from the water. The second filter material may comprise at least one of coconut carbon, silicon dioxide, and ionized sand. The system can further include a container downstream of the filter compartment, the container having paraffin therein. Additionally, the system can include an absorptive manifold designed for absorbing hydrogen ions and reducing the pH of the water. A method for treating contaminated water using the water treatment system is also provided.