A method may comprise: exposing a substituted chromone dissolved in a solvent to a sample; taking a fluorescence measurement of the sample after exposure to the substituted chromone; and determining a presence or absence of one or more ions in the sample, a concentration of the one or more ions in the sample, or both based on the fluorescence measurement.

An example water treatment apparatus includes: a housing having an inlet to receive water containing a contaminant; a primary treatment compartment within the housing, the primary treatment compartment including a primary media bed containing a ion exchange media to separate the contaminant from the water, the primary media bed supported above a collection area of the primary treatment compartment; and a conduit to direct flow of the water to the collection area; and wherein overflow of the water in the collection area is directed against gravity through the primary media bed to produce treated water.

An example water treatment apparatus includes: a housing having an inlet to receive water containing a contaminant; a primary treatment compartment within the housing, the primary treatment compartment including a primary media bed containing a ion exchange media to separate the contaminant from the water, the primary media bed supported above a collection area of the primary treatment compartment; and a conduit to direct flow of the water to the collection area; and wherein overflow of the water in the collection area is directed against gravity through the primary media bed to produce treated water.

Compositions and methods for treating waste water produced by copper mining operations are described herein. Slag from steel making operations and other industrial waste materials that include alkali metal and/or alkaline earth elements have been found to both raise pH of the waste water and also reduce arsenic content. Following such treatment the spent slag or industrial waste can be utilized as a source of valuable metals or incorporated into stabilized building materials.

Compositions and methods for treating waste water produced by copper mining operations are described herein. Slag from steel making operations and other industrial waste materials that include alkali metal and/or alkaline earth elements have been found to both raise pH of the waste water and also reduce arsenic content. Following such treatment the spent slag or industrial waste can be utilized as a source of valuable metals or incorporated into stabilized building materials.

A process for purifying a diaryl carbonate, comprises introducing an aqueous stream to a diaryl carbonate stream that comprises a metal contaminant, wherein the aqueous stream reacts with the metal contaminant to form a precipitate; wherein introducing the aqueous stream to the diaryl carbonate stream results in introducing 100 to 10,000 ppm water based on the total composition of the diaryl carbonate stream and the aqueous stream; removing the precipitate via one or both of a separation column and a filter to result in a purified diaryl carbonate.

A process for purifying a diaryl carbonate, comprises introducing an aqueous stream to a diaryl carbonate stream that comprises a metal contaminant, wherein the aqueous stream reacts with the metal contaminant to form a precipitate; wherein introducing the aqueous stream to the diaryl carbonate stream results in introducing 100 to 10,000 ppm water based on the total composition of the diaryl carbonate stream and the aqueous stream; removing the precipitate via one or both of a separation column and a filter to result in a purified diaryl carbonate.

The invention relates to a method for preparing phosphine-based selective transition metal binding particles, said method comprising at least a step of reacting macroporous particles comprising at least one “NH” reactive function reacted with at least one molar equivalent of a phosphine derivative R—P(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, with a nucleophile reactive agent of formula NHR.sup.aR.sup.b, wherein NHR.sup.aR.sup.b comprises at least one “NH” function.

The invention relates to a method for preparing phosphine-based selective transition metal binding particles, said method comprising at least a step of reacting macroporous particles comprising at least one “NH” reactive function reacted with at least one molar equivalent of a phosphine derivative R—P(CH.sub.2OH).sub.2, with a nucleophile reactive agent of formula NHR.sup.aR.sup.b, wherein NHR.sup.aR.sup.b comprises at least one “NH” function.

A method may comprise: exposing a substituted chromone dissolved in a solvent to a sample; taking a fluorescence measurement of the sample after exposure to the substituted chromone; and determining a presence or absence of one or more ions in the sample, a concentration of the one or more ions in the sample, or both based on the fluorescence measurement.