Provided is a method of treating feed water comprising the step of passing the feed water through a biostratum that comprises resin beads and living microorganisms to produce biostratum-treated water, wherein (a) the area-normalized free void volume in the biostratum is 0.018 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 or less; (b) the packing density in the biostratum is 0.68 to 0.96; (c) the ratio of the exterior surface area of the resin beads to the total free void volume in the biostratum is less than 2.0 to 50 m.sup.2/L; (d) the velocity of the water through the biostratum is 1 to 1,500 biostratum volumes per hour; and (e) the Reynolds number of the flow through the biostratum is 0.10 to 3.0.

Provided is a method of treating feed water comprising the step of passing the feed water through a biostratum that comprises resin beads and living microorganisms to produce biostratum-treated water, wherein (a) the area-normalized free void volume in the biostratum is 0.018 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 or less; (b) the packing density in the biostratum is 0.68 to 0.96; (c) the ratio of the exterior surface area of the resin beads to the total free void volume in the biostratum is less than 2.0 to 50 m.sup.2/L; (d) the velocity of the water through the biostratum is 1 to 1,500 biostratum volumes per hour; and (e) the Reynolds number of the flow through the biostratum is 0.10 to 3.0.

A biological reactor system treats concentrated contaminated water with a combination of upflow and downflow bioreactors that are downstream from a reverse osmosis or other concentrator. The system may have a fail safe configuration where flush water may be introduced to the reactors in the event of a power failure or when taking the reactors offline. Many reverse osmosis systems introduce antiscalant treatments upstream so that the reverse osmosis filters do not scale. However, such treatments result in superconcentrated conditions of the antiscalants in the contaminated water processed by the bioreactors. A flushing system may deconcentrate the bioreactors to prevent the antiscalants from precipitating and fouling the bioreactors.

Described herein are attached growth reactor systems which increase nitrifying bacteria biomass through a variety of means during warm weather. As a consequence, the attached growth reactor system contains sufficient nitrifying bacteria biomass to remove ammonia from wastewater in cold to moderate climates. In one example, there are two attached growth reactors into which wastewater is distributed discontinuously. Specifically, wastewater is transferred to the first attached growth reactor for a first period of time and then is transferred to the second attached growth reactor for a second period of time during warm weather which effectively doubles the nitrifying bacteria biomass in the system. During cold weather, approximately half of the wastewater is applied to each reactor simultaneously.

Described herein are attached growth reactor systems which increase nitrifying bacteria biomass through a variety of means during warm weather. As a consequence, the attached growth reactor system contains sufficient nitrifying bacteria biomass to remove ammonia from wastewater in cold to moderate climates. In one example, there are two attached growth reactors into which wastewater is distributed discontinuously. Specifically, wastewater is transferred to the first attached growth reactor for a first period of time and then is transferred to the second attached growth reactor for a second period of time during warm weather which effectively doubles the nitrifying bacteria biomass in the system. During cold weather, approximately half of the wastewater is applied to each reactor simultaneously.

Disclosed is a pond culture circulation system based on a bio-toilet module including a culture pond and an annular treatment channel surrounding the culture pond. The annular treatment channel is sequentially provided with a sedimentation zone, a biological purification zone and a water storage zone along a direction of water flow. The culture pond includes a plurality of culture pond units. Each of the plurality of culture pond units is provided with a bio-toilet module in communication with the sedimentation zone through a sewage pipe. The water storage zone communicates with each of the plurality of culture pond units through a gravity-flow culvert. The invention further discloses a use method of the pond culture circulation system based on the bio-toilet module.

Disclosed is a pond culture circulation system based on a bio-toilet module including a culture pond and an annular treatment channel surrounding the culture pond. The annular treatment channel is sequentially provided with a sedimentation zone, a biological purification zone and a water storage zone along a direction of water flow. The culture pond includes a plurality of culture pond units. Each of the plurality of culture pond units is provided with a bio-toilet module in communication with the sedimentation zone through a sewage pipe. The water storage zone communicates with each of the plurality of culture pond units through a gravity-flow culvert. The invention further discloses a use method of the pond culture circulation system based on the bio-toilet module.

A bio-enhanced deodorization equipment includes a main body and a filler container in the main body. The filler container includes a wall and at least three perforated separator plates vertically arranged in the filler container. A plurality of spaces are formed by the at least three perforated separator plates, and a microbial filler and a carrier filler are accommodated in the spaces in an alternate manner.

A system to treat effluent in a septic tank includes filter sections having kerfs. A strainer removes solid debris from the filter for removal without allowing the solid debris to pass. An aerator includes an eight to twelve inch diameter pipe 4 to 6 feet tall matching tank invert height. The aerator has bottom inlet holes, each with an elbow on the outside with a vertical standpipe taking effluent from the clear zone, sending it through the aerator. Air inlet piping is attached to a “T” shaped air diffuser producing bubbles traveling upward through plastic media. Aerator height is field adjusted to approximately 2 inches below static water level. Holes in the upper sidewalls just below the top let air bubbles out sideways. At its top, the aerator has a slotted, sliding, anti-turbulation collar adjusted to be one to two inches above the static water level.

The present invention concerns a biological reactor used in the field of sanitation for the treatment of sewage and industrial wastewater. The solution proposed in this invention is the coupling of two different treatment processes (anaerobic and aerobic) in the same fixed bed reactor. The invention aims to allow for the construction of plants for the treatment of sewage or very compact industrial effluents, where it is possible to achieve high treatment efficiencies with a small implantation area. In addition, due to the combination of the anaerobic and aerobic processes in fixed beds in the same reactor, the system consumes less energy for aeration and generates a smaller amount of sludge, considerably reducing the operating costs of the treatment plant.