An electricity-water co-generation system and method, the method comprising: step 1, heating saline water by spent steam, crystallizing a calcium magnesium compound in the saline water, then filtering the saline water; step 2, distilling the descaled water, and discharging strong saline water; step 3, converting the heat energy of the saturated steam into electric energy, dividing condensed water generated by releasing heat energy of the saturated steam into two parts, one part being output as fresh water; step 4, heating the other part of condensed water, and converting the heat energy of the overheated steam into electric energy, then feeding spent steam to heat the saline water and distilling the descaled water at a high temperature. The system comprises a descaling device, a mixed heat exchanger, a residual heat generator and a thermal power generation device, and the working process of the system is accordance with the method.

An apparatus for evaporative concentration of water, containing hardness-causing substances, to be treated using hot lime softening, includes: a first evaporator configured to form first concentrated water from the water to be treated by evaporatively concentrating the water by first heat exchange with hot steam; a hot lime softener configured to precipitate and to separate hardness-causing substances contained in the first concentrated water from at least a portion of the first concentrated water from the first evaporator by reaction with lime and configured to remove the hardness-causing substances from the first concentrated water; and a second evaporator configured to form second concentrated water by further evaporatively concentrating at least a portion of the first concentrated water that passed through the hot lime softener by second heat exchange with hot steam.

According to some embodiments, a system for desalination of a liquid comprises at least one primary treatment process, at least one secondary treatment process, wherein the at least one secondary treatment process comprises at least one reactor, and at least one tertiary treatment process, wherein the at least one primary treatment process is configured to adjust a pH of the liquid to target pH level and to add at least one chemical additive to the liquid, wherein the at least one reactor is configured to heat the liquid to a temperature of at least 350 F. and to supply a pressure to the liquid to maintain the liquid in a liquid state, and wherein the dissolved salt of the liquid is configured to react with at least a portion of the at least one chemical additive to form an insoluble product within the at least one reactor.

The present disclosure relates to compositions including coagulants, testing methods and devices, and methods used in connection with lime softening processes, such as warm or hot lime softening processes. The compositions, devices, and methods disclosed herein may be used to improve sludge bed properties in lime softening processes, such as warm lime softening process or hot lime softening processes.