A hydrothermal treatment device (3) is a hydrothermal treatment device (3) performing hydrothermal treatment by heating high-water-content biomass, the hydrothermal treatment device (3) including a treatment container (21) that stores sludge, a sludge supply unit (22) that supplies the sludge to inside of the treatment container (21) such that a space (S) is formed in a vertical upper part of the treatment container (21), a stirrer (23) that is provided within the treatment container (21) and stirs stored matter such that counter flows in an up/down direction occur, and a heat transfer tube (24) that is disposed in a horizontal direction within the treatment container (21) and heats the sludge with heat of vapor flowing within the heat transfer tube (24).

The present invention is for an improved vertical flow reactor utility that makes the technology more attractive for industrial development. The various embodiments of the invention improve various aspects of a vertical flow reactor utility. For example, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the design of the reactor is improved. Other embodiments provide improved systems and methods for, for example, insertion of oxygen, electrical production, and/or reactor geometry. These one or more various embodiments of the present invention lowers costs to construct, install, and/or operate a vertical flow reactor by improving economy of construction and/or operation of VFR systems.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a hydrothermal reactor, such as a downflow hydrothermal reactor and methods of using the same. Also disclosed herein are system embodiments comprising the hydrothermal reactor. Method embodiments disclosed herein facilitate determining operation parameters for the hydrothermal reactor that give rise to efficient feedstock conversion to products while maintaining integrity of the reactor (e.g., avoiding corrosion) and providing safe operating conditions. The disclosed reactor and system embodiments facilitate situations where small scale and/or remote destruction of feedstocks (e.g., chemical warfare agents and/or environmental toxins) is needed.

The disclosure discloses a system for treating high-salt high-organic wastewater and recovering energy, the system includes a cold wall-type reactor (6), a multi-level cyclone separator (16, 19, and 25), a waste liquid feeding system, an oxidant feeding system and a fuel feeding system; The cold wall-type reactor designed by the disclosure is formed by inner and outer double-housing structures, a cooling medium is fed into a gap between the inner housing and the outer housing of the reactor, the fluid on an inner wall surface of the inner housing of the reactor is cooled below a supercritical temperature of the water by using countercurrent heat exchange, blockage of the inorganic salts is effectively prevented. The disclosure is capable of realizing gradient utilization of the reaction heat of the high-salt high-organic wastewater supercritical water oxidation system, and improving a system energy recovery utilization ratio in the greatest degree.

The present invention provides a process for preparing a catalyst, wherein said process comprises:—(i) preparing a mixture of one or more aromatic alcohol monomers and/or non-aromatic monomers, solvent, polymerization catalyst, crosslinking agent, suspension stabilizing agent and one or more metal salts, under conditions sufficient to produce polymeric beads doped with one or more metals or salts thereof; (ii) carbonizing, activating and then reducing the polymeric beads produced in step (i) to produce metal nanoparticles-doped porous carbon beads; (iii) subjecting the metal nanoparticles-doped porous carbon beads produced in step (ii) to chemical vapour deposition in the presence of a carbon source to produce metal nanoparticles-doped porous carbon beads comprising carbon nanofibers; and (iv) doping the metal nanoparticles-doped porous carbon beads comprising carbon nanofibers produced in step (iii) with an oxidant; catalyst prepared by said process; and a process for treating waste water from an industrial process for producing propylene oxide, which process comprises subjecting the waste water to a catalytic wet oxidation treatment in the presence of said catalyst.

Aspects of the present invention are directed to systems and processes which enable the simultaneous treatment of a wastewater stream comprising biodegradable and adsorbable contaminants within a single treatment vessel.

A system and method removes bound water from partially dewatered sludge by cavitating the partially dewatered sludge mixture with air bubbles; irradiating the cavitated partially dewatered sludge with an electron beam to create ozone within air bubbles; and filtering the water from the irradiated cavitated partially dewatered sludge.

A system and method removes bound water from partially dewatered sludge by cavitating the partially dewatered sludge mixture with air bubbles; irradiating the cavitated partially dewatered sludge with an electron beam to create ozone within air bubbles; and filtering the water from the irradiated cavitated partially dewatered sludge.

The present disclosure is directed to a method for reducing bacteria in a precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO.sub.3) slurry, the method including: adding water to calcium oxide (CaO) to form Ca(OH).sub.2; treating the Ca(OH).sub.2 with CO.sub.2 gas to form a slurry including precipitated CaCO.sub.3; neutralizing the slurry; and exposing the slurry that was neutralized to ozone in an amount sufficient to reduce bacteria in the precipitated calcium carbonate slurry. Oral care compositions including the precipitated calcium carbonate of the disclosed process are also described.

The present disclosure is directed to a method for reducing bacteria in a precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO.sub.3) slurry, the method including: adding water to calcium oxide (CaO) to form Ca(OH).sub.2; treating the Ca(OH).sub.2 with CO.sub.2 gas to form a slurry including precipitated CaCO.sub.3; neutralizing the slurry; and exposing the slurry that was neutralized to ozone in an amount sufficient to reduce bacteria in the precipitated calcium carbonate slurry. Oral care compositions including the precipitated calcium carbonate of the disclosed process are also described.