A composite comprising a hydroxyapatite and at least one additive which is present during hydroxyapatite synthesis. The additive may be embedded or incorporated into or coated onto the hydroxyapatite. The additive preferably increases the hydroxyapatite porosity, e.g., providing a higher pore volume and/or BET surface area than a hydroxyapatite material without additive. The additive preferably comprises an activated carbon, chitosan, hopcalite, clays, zeolites, sulfur, and/or a metal such as Al, Sn, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cu, Zr, La, Ce, in the form of metal, salt, oxide, oxyhydroxide, and/or hydroxide. The hydroxyapatite may be calcium-deficient. The composite is in the form of particles having a D50 of at least 20 μm, a BET surface area of at least 120 m.sup.2/g; and/or a total pore volume of at least 0.3 cm.sup.3/g. An adsorbent material comprising a composite or a blend of composite with a hydroxyapatite without additive, and its use for removal of contaminants such as Hg, Se, As, and/or B from an effluent.

Materials and methods for extracting metals from solutions, involving a polymer of Formula A are described: ##STR00001##
where each X is independently either S or O, and n is an integer greater than 1.

A graphene coated crushed glass particle adsorbent is provided for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants in from solutions such as wastewaters, contaminated surface water and groundwater. The adsorbent comprises crushed (e.g. recycled) glass coated with graphene nano-sheets using a staged thermal binding process and the silicas in the glass as a catalyst. The adsorbent may be configured for use in both in-situ and ex-situ treatment systems and is capable of removing heavy metals and other inorganic and organic contaminants. The strong adsorptive bond between contaminants and the graphene coating on crushed glass particles can also lead to alternative applications of the end of life adsorbent, such as base material in road and pavement (e.g. cement-like) construction materials.

A composition for treating water including an organic soil amendment and having ions bound thereto is beneficial to aid in the removal of aqueous contaminants, such as phosphate, other phosphorus containing compounds, arsenic, arsenic containing compounds, fluorides, and PFAS from water. In these compositions the ions include rare earth cations, iron cations, and mixtures thereof. There are also methods for making these soil amendment compositions, as well as methods for using these compositions to effectively remove contaminants from water.

Provided are electrodialysis systems comprising a plurality of electrodialysis devices, wherein each electrodialysis device of the plurality of electrodialysis devices has a product inlet stream, a product outlet stream, a brine inlet stream, and a brine outlet stream. The product inlet stream for a first electrodialysis device comprises the brine outlet stream of a second electrodialysis device. Further, a first portion of a feed stream is the brine inlet stream for the first electrodialysis device and a second portion of the feed stream is the brine inlet stream for the second electrodialysis device or a third electrodialysis device.

A system for the disposal of liquid waste includes a portable container body having an open interior and a liquid waste inlet for receiving liquid waste containing solids. A liquid waste holding tank is provided within the open interior of the portable container body for receiving the liquid waste from the liquid waste inlet. A liquid-solid separator within the open interior of the portable container body produces a solid waste and a separated liquid waste. A conduit directs the liquid waste from the liquid waste holding tank to the liquid-solid separator. An evaporator within the open interior of the portable container body heats the separated liquid waste to evaporate and remove water from the separated liquid waste as water vapor and produces a concentrated liquid waste. A safety containment system prevents the liquid waste from escaping to the environment. A method for disposing of liquid waste is also disclosed.

What is provided is a layered double hydroxide crystal for achieving higher ion-exchange capacity than that of the related art.

The layered double hydroxide crystal 1 according to the present embodiment is represented by Formula (1) and composed of a plurality of crystal grains 10 each of which has a lamination structure in which a plurality of plate-shaped crystals (11), (11), . . . are laminated, in which particle sizes of the plurality of crystal grains (10), (10), . . . are uniform on a microscale.

[Ni.sup.2+.sub.1-xFe.sup.3+.sub.x(OH).sub.2].[(Cl.sup.−).sub.X/2]  (1) (Where, 0.25<x≤0.9)

A process for reducing the concentration of one or more arsenic-containing compounds in an aqueous solution comprising at least one fluoroacid, which process comprises: (i) contacting the aqueous solution with an oxidising agent to produce one or more Asv-containing compounds; and (ii) removal of precipitated arsenic-containing compounds; wherein the process comprises a step (iii) the addition of an aqueous alkali solution or slurry, which may take place after step (i) and before step (ii) or after step (ii).

In a process for treating wastewater from a combined gasification and Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process, feedstock derived from Municipal Solid Waste or the like is gasified in a reactor (R) and treated in a cleanup unit (C) which generates a first wastewater stream (1st WWT STREAM) containing salts and inorganic pollutants. The first wastewater stream is treated in a treatment unit (T1) to remove inorganic pollutants derived from the syngas The treatment comprises a) degassing, and subsequently b) neutralising the first wastewater stream before treatment in a Dissolved Air Flotation unit (72c) and filtering in a moving sand bed or similar (72d) to remove solids, and a stripping process to remove ammonia. A second wastewater stream (2.sup.nd WWT Stream) containing organic pollutants but being low in salts arises from the F-T process and is treated separately to allow recycling within the F-T process.

A desalination system that can comprise an inlet, an optional preheating stage, multiple evaporation chambers and optional demisters, product condensers, a waste outlet, one or more product outlets, a nested configuration that facilitates heat transfer and recovery and a control system. The control system can permit operation of the purification system continuously with minimal user intervention or cleaning. The desalination system can operate with any number of pre-treatment methods for descaling, and with degassing systems to eliminate or reduce hydrocarbons and dissolved gases. The system is capable of removing, from a contaminated water sample, a plurality of contaminant types including microbiological contaminants, radiological contaminants, metals, and salts.