Provided is a water-treatment membrane including a porous support; and a polyamide active layer including chlorine on a surface thereof, wherein CIE L*a*b* color coordinate values after storing for 30 days or longer at 25 C. to 80 C. satisfy Equation 1 to Equation 3:

91<L*<97 <Equation 1>

1.5<a*<1.5 <Equation 2>

1.5<b*<8 <Equation 3>

of the present disclosure, a water-treatment module including the same, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Described herein are systems and methods for removing boron from water. According to certain embodiments, an aqueous input stream comprising boron and at least one suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase is supplied to a water treatment system comprising a chemical coagulation apparatus, a suspended solids removal apparatus, and a boron removal apparatus. Within the chemical coagulation apparatus, an amount of an inorganic coagulant, an amount of a strong base, and an amount of a polyelectrolyte may be added to the aqueous input stream to form a chemically-treated stream. In some embodiments, the chemically-treated stream, which may comprise a plurality of floes, may be directed to flow to the suspended solids removal apparatus. Within the suspended solids removal apparatus, at least a portion of the floes may be removed from the chemically-treated stream to form a contaminant-diminished stream having a lower concentration of contaminants than the aqueous input stream.

The present invention relates to a method for treating industrial water containing organic matter, said method comprising: a step of physical separation producing wastes and an effluent; a step of adsorption of at least one part of said organic matter present in said effluent on at least one adsorbent resin chosen from the group comprising the non-ionic cross-linked resins and the microporous carbon resins; a step of reverse osmosis filtration downstream from said adsorption step.

A method of boron-contained wastewater treatment includes the following steps. Pretreatment: Mix a boron-contained wastewater with hydrogen peroxide for reaction at pH 8-12. Precipitation: Add n moles of barium compound into the pretreated boron-contained wastewater to provide perborate precipitation at pH 8.5-12. The number n is obtained from an equation of n=([B]*a+[NO.sub.3]*0.01+[F]*0.01+[CO.sub.3]*1+[SO.sub.4]*1)*V wherein a is ranged from 0.6-0.9. [B], [NO.sub.3], [F], [CO.sub.3], and [SO.sub.4] are molarities of boron, nitrate ion, fluoride ion, carbonate ion, and sulfate ion of the boron-container wastewater. V is the volume of the boron-container wastewater. A fluidized bed reactor is used.

Anion exchange membranes may include a polymeric microporous substrate and a cross-linked anion exchange polymeric layer on the substrate. Anion exchange membranes may have a resistivity of less than about 1.5 Ohm-cm.sup.2 and an apparent permselectivity of at least about 95%. The anion exchange membranes may be produced by a unique, two step process.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a microscale-based device suitable for purifying fluid, and method of using the device. In particular disclosed embodiments, an electrode layer comprising an enhanced surface area electrode material that has multiple extensions covered in a conductive material are used within the device. The device comprises one or more main flow pathways and one or more side channels. The flow dynamics of the device may be controlled in order to remove contaminants from the fluid. The extensions of the enhanced surface area electrode material are positioned on the surface of the pathways and also may be positioned within the side channels.

A process and apparatus for enhanced boron removal from water. The process includes the steps of reacting potassium carbonate or ammonium carbonate with calcium borate in a stream of feed water to form a stream having calcium carbonate and potassium borate salt or ammonium borate salt. The stream having calcium carbonate and potassium borate or ammonium borate is introduced to an ion exchange vessel containing resin having methylglucamine in salt form with potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate to form borate and potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate. The resin in the ion exchange vessel is periodically regenerated.

Methods for reducing the concentration of one or more contaminants in water using zero-valent iron media. In the method, a mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is added to water containing one or more contaminants that is in contact with a zero-valent iron media that comprises (a) a reactive solid comprising zero-valent iron and one or more iron oxide minerals in contact therewith and (b) magnetite to provide an aqueous reaction medium. The aqueous reaction medium is contacted with the zero-valent iron media for a period of time sufficient to reduce the concentration of one or more of the contaminants.

The present disclosure is directed to a multi-functional composition including activated carbon that is useful for injection or other application into soil or groundwater for removal (e.g., via adsorption) of inorganic contaminants in a contaminated plume. The composition of activated carbon may include physical and chemical properties to enhance the mechanism of contaminant physisorption and chemisorption including enhanced electrostatic interactions with contaminants. The multi-functional composition may further include one or more second materials (e.g., contaminant-selective agents) which comprise one or more compounds that improve the activated carbon's ability to sequester or otherwise immobilize inorganic contaminants in a subsurface environment.

A method (10) for the processing of lithium containing brines, the method comprising the method steps of: (i) Passing a lithium containing brine (12) to a filtration step (14) to remove sulphates; (ii) Passing a product (16) of step (i) to a first ion exchange step (18) to remove divalent impurities; (iii) Passing a product (20) of step (ii) to a second ion exchange step (22) to remove boron impurities; (iv) Passing a product (24) of step (iii) to an electrolysis step (26) to produce lithium hydroxide (28); and (v) Passing a product (30) of step (iv) to a crystallisation step (32) that in turn provides a lithium hydroxide monohydrate product (34).