A composite semipermeable membrane including: a substrate; a porous supporting layer formed on the substrate; and a separation functional layer formed on the porous supporting layer, in which the separation functional layer contains crosslinked wholly aromatic polyamide as a main component and contains a carboxy group, a ratio of (molar equivalent of the carboxy group)/(molar equivalent of an amide group) in functional groups contained in the separation functional layer is 0.40 or more, and an average ratio of oxygen atoms/nitrogen atoms in front and rear sides of the separation functional layer is 0.95 or less.

A spray flying system for drying wastewater to be dried includes: an exhaust as introduction line for introducing the exhaust gas discharged from an exhaust gas generation source, the exhaust gas introduction line being connected to a plurality of exhaust gas ducts for allowing the exhaust gas to flow through; and at least one spray drying device connected to the exhaust gas introduction line and configured to bring the exhaust gas introduced from the exhaust gas introduction line into contact with the wastewater. The number of spray drying device is smaller than the number of the plurality of exhaust gas ducts.

A water treatment system for producing potable water and water for irrigation from saline water, the system includes an electrodialysis apparatus including one or more monovalent selective membranes and having an inlet fluidly connectable to a source of water to be treated, a diluate outlet, and a concentrate outlet, a nanofiltration apparatus positioned downstream of the electrodialysis apparatus and having an inlet fluidly connectable to the diluate outlet of the electrodialysis apparatus, a permeate outlet, and a retentate outlet, and an electrolyzer in fluid communication with one of the concentrate outlet and the retentate outlet, and configured to generate a product stream including one or more of chlorine gas, hypochlorite ion, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or sodium hypochlorite.

A method for treating wastewater is disclosed. The method is useful in particular for treating wastewater that is generated from the process of drilling, hydraulic fracturing and/or cleaning a bore of an oil or natural gas well bore. The method may include performing cold lime softening of the wastewater to form waste salt flocs, filtration of waste salt flocs, ozonation of the filtrate from the filtration, and reverse osmosis of the filtrate to produce a purified permeate.

According to present disclosure, there is disclosed an algae growth and cultivation system that provides a cost-efficient means of producing algae biomass as feedstock for algae-based products, such as, biofuel manufacture, and desirably impacts alternative/renewable energy production, nutrient recovery from waste streams, and valued byproducts production. The system as discussed herein is an integrated systems approach to wastewater treatment, algal strains selection for byproducts production, and recycle of algal-oil extraction waste or additional algae harvested as feedstock for fertilizer production. Embodiments of a system as discussed herein present an economically viable algae production system and process that allows algae-derived products such as biofuels, fertilizer, etc. to compete with petroleum products in the marketplace.

Hybrid zero-valent iron systems and methods for treating a fluid containing a contaminant that removes or reduces the concentration of contaminants, such as toxic metals, metalloids, oxyanions, and dissolved silica.

The present invention relates to a water extraction system comprising a flow cell comprising a membrane; said membrane comprising an active layer comprising immobilized aquaporin water channels and a support layer, and said membrane having a feed side and a non-feed side; and an aqueous source solution in fluid communication with the feed side of the membrane.

Produced water from a crude oil or natural gas production process is purified using a membrane purification system for petroleum production, agricultural, commercial and domestic uses. The produced water is pretreated to remove, at least, particulates and oil from the produced water. The minimally pretreated water is then purified in a membrane purification system that is operated at conditions such that contaminants are removed. In particular, the membrane purification system is operated with pH adjustments to allow boron and ammonia to be effectively removed. In some embodiments, greater than 95% of the boron content and greater than 95% of the ammonia content are removed. Some method embodiments include no separate ion exchange separation step capable of removing ammonia.

The present disclosure is generally directed to a desalination system. In some embodiments, the desalination system includes one or more recycle seawater systems configured to receive one or more concentrated brine streams produced by the desalination system and generate one or more recycle brine streams using the one or more concentrated brine streams and desalinated water.

In a method for extracting boron from feed water, a backwash operation is performed on a boron-saturated resin bed within a pressurized vessel, wherein the resin bed includes boron-selective resin for extracting boron from the feed water. An acid-based solution is injected into the boron-saturated resin bed, causing the boron to be released from the resin bed and into a boron solution. The boron solution is drained from the pressurized vessel into a holding tank. An acid displacement rinse operation is performed on the resin bed. A caustic solution is injected into the resin bed, the caustic solution recharging the resin bed for extracting the boron from the feed water. A caustic displacement rinse operation is performed for preparing the resin bed for receiving the feed water. Surplus water of the acid displacement rinse operation and the caustic displacement rinse operation are distributed to a source of the feed water.