The systems and methods described herein relate to use of a reverse diffusion system for removal of dissolved ions from a fluid, for example, salt ions. Specific embodiments include a system for desalinating salt water to produce potable water. The systems and methods can include pulsing low levels of electricity via electrodes in a scrolling pattern, so as to sweep the ions across a unit.

A water filtration device is provided including a pressurized gas chamber receiving a pressurized gas; an open flow chamber receiving a colloidal suspension including water and colloidal particles, the open flow chamber having an inlet and an outlet, the colloidal suspension flowing between the inlet and at least one outlet in a flow direction; and a gas permeable membrane separating the gas chamber and the flow chamber, the gas capable of permeating the membrane, the membrane being water impermeable, the gas permeating the membrane in a direction normal to the membrane so as to induce diffusiophoretic motion on at least some of the colloidal particles opposite to or in a direction normal to the membrane; the at least one outlet having a first outlet with water having a higher concentration of the colloidal particles than a second outlet. Other devices and methods are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and an apparatus assembly for assessing the suitability of a membrane, such as an osmotic membrane in an osmotic process. Furthermore, the apparatus, and apparatus assembly provide the means to optimise the parameters of an osmotic process, including the ability to gather key data for different membrane based osmotic systems to enable osmotic process and system optimisation.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe filter agitators, filtration units comprising the filter agitators, methods of using the filter agitators, and the like. In certain embodiments, the filter agitators comprise a plurality of first fins extending outwardly from a central vertical axis and arranged in a plane oriented substantially perpendicular to the central vertical axis, wherein the plurality of first fins is configured to promote laminar flow of a fluid flowing in a first direction and induce turbulent flow of a fluid flowing in a second direction; and optionally a plurality of second fins positioned above the plurality of first fins and extending outwardly from the central vertical axis, wherein the plurality of second fins is configured to induce or further induce turbulent flow.

A UV reactor for disinfecting water. The UV reactor may include a cooling chamber in which heat from a UV source may be transferred to the water flowing through the UV reactor. The UV reactor may include driver circuitry operable to determine status information, such as health, of the UV source. The UV reactor may include a gas discharge path operable to substantially prevent accumulation of gas within a water treatment chamber.

A flow-directing water filtration system provides a flow of water through a cylindrical filter cartridge that is more uniform by inclusion of multiple water-directing ridges that form channels between them between the inner wall of the housing and an outside wall of the water filter cartridge for directing laminar flow of water along the outside wall of the water filter cartridge to improve distribution of water flow through the water filter cartridge along its length. The ridges may be formed on the inner wall of the housing, may have a half-circular profile and may be helical ridges that spiral along the extent of the cartridge and may taper in profile toward the bottom of the cartridge.

A hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system can comprise a biomass slurry source, a first pump in fluid communication with the slurry source and configured to pressurize a biomass slurry stream from the slurry source to a first pressure, a first heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the first pump to a first temperature, a second pump in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and configured to pressurize a slurry stream received from the first heat exchanger to a second pressure higher than the first pressure, a second heat exchanger in fluid communication with the second pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the second pump to a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and a HTL reactor configured to produce biocrude from a slurry stream received from the second heat exchanger.

A light sanitization system and method is disclosed that provides neutralization of pathogens and chemicals by embedding light waveforms within a stream of fluid.

A fluid sterilization apparatus includes: a flow passage tube in which a processing passage where a passing fluid is sterilized is formed; a first light source that irradiates the processing passage with ultraviolet light; an inflow passage formed in a direction that intersects an outer circumferential surface of the flow passage tube; and a communication passage that causes the inflow passage to communicate with the processing passage. The communication passage has a narrow passage in the middle of a path from the inflow passage toward an opening of a first end, the narrow passage being narrower than a passage toward the inflow passage.

Devices, apparatus, and methods to treat Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and related telomeres including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS), and other recalcitrant highly stable organic compounds, substances, organic matter, infectious fluids, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical, and otherwise oxidizable material contaminants in water, aqueous fluids, condensates, concentrates, brines, and spent solid adsorbent media. The system can include hydrodynamic cavitation; acoustic sonication; electrochemical oxidation; in-line static mixing; and supplemental reagent precursors to create powerful oxidizing conditions within the equipment, and oxidants by the system that destroy said contaminants.