Apparatus and methods are disclosed for forming a glass article in which molten glass is heated in a refractory vessel defining a space interior to the refractory vessel. A precious metal component is exposed to the interior space. The apparatus includes first and second electrodes exposed to the interior space. A first electrical power source configured to supply a first electrical current is connected between the first and second electrodes. A second electrical power source is connected between the precious metal component and at least one of the first electrode or a first auxiliary electrode and configured to provide a second electrical current out-of-phase with the first electrical current. A third electrical power source is connected between the precious metal component and at least one of the second electrode or a second auxiliary electrode and configured to provide a third electrical current out-of-phase with the first

Apparatus and methods are disclosed for forming a glass article in which molten glass is heated in a refractory vessel defining a space interior to the refractory vessel. A precious metal component is exposed to the interior space. The apparatus includes first and second electrodes exposed to the interior space. A first electrical power source configured to supply a first electrical current is connected between the first and second electrodes. A second electrical power source is connected between the precious metal component and at least one of the first electrode or a first auxiliary electrode and configured to provide a second electrical current out-of-phase with the first electrical current. A third electrical power source is connected between the precious metal component and at least one of the second electrode or a second auxiliary electrode and configured to provide a third electrical current out-of-phase with the first

The present invention provides an alkali-free glass sheet, including as a glass composition, in terms of mol %, 55% to 80% of SiO.sub.2, 10% to 25% of Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 0% to 4% of B.sub.2O.sub.3, 0% to 30% of MgO, 0% to 25% of CaO, 0% to 15% of SrO, 0% to 15% of BaO, 0% to 5% of ZnO, and 0% to less than 1.0% of Y.sub.2O.sub.3+La.sub.2O.sub.3, being substantially free of an alkali metal oxide, and having a strain point of 750° C. or more.

Provided is a manufacturing method for a glass article, including: a pre-heating step (S1) of heating a transfer pipe (7); and a transfer step (S4) of allowing a molten glass to flow inside the transfer pipe (7) after the pre-heating step (S1). The transfer pipe (7) includes: a main body portion (8) having a tubular shape; and a flange portion (9a, 9b) formed at an end portion of the main body portion (8). The main body portion (8) is retained by a refractory (10). The pre-heating step (S1) includes an external force application step of applying an external force (F) to the transfer pipe (7) to extend the transfer pipe (7).

Embodiments disclosed herein include methods and systems for melting or augmenting a melt rate of material in a melter using electromagnetic radiation with a frequency between 0.9 GHz and 10 GHz. In some examples, a power and/or frequency of radiation used may be selected so as to control a temperature of a cold cap in the melter while maintaining emissions from the melter below a threshold level. In this manner, examples described herein may provide for efficient and safe melting and vitrification of radioactive wastes.

Embodiments disclosed herein include methods and systems for melting or augmenting a melt rate of material in a melter using electromagnetic radiation with a frequency between 0.9 GHz and 10 GHz. In some examples, a power and/or frequency of radiation used may be selected so as to control a temperature of a cold cap in the melter while maintaining emissions from the melter below a threshold level. In this manner, examples described herein may provide for efficient and safe melting and vitrification of radioactive wastes.

Methods and systems for melting or augmenting a melt rate of material in a melter using electromagnetic radiation with a frequency between 0.9 GHz and 10 GHz. In some examples, a power and/or frequency of radiation used may be selected so as to control a temperature of a cold cap in the melter while maintaining emissions from the melter below a threshold level. In this manner, examples described herein may provide for efficient and safe melting and vitrification of radioactive wastes.

Methods and systems for melting or augmenting a melt rate of material in a melter using electromagnetic radiation with a frequency between 0.9 GHz and 10 GHz. In some examples, a power and/or frequency of radiation used may be selected so as to control a temperature of a cold cap in the melter while maintaining emissions from the melter below a threshold level. In this manner, examples described herein may provide for efficient and safe melting and vitrification of radioactive wastes.

Methods and apparatus for constructing refractory structures, e.g., glass furnace regenerator structures and/or glass furnace structures having walls formed of refractory block and buck stays externally supporting the walls are provided. Opposed pairs of supports are connected to at least a respective one of the vertically oriented buck stays with cross-support beams spanning the refractory structure between a respective pair of the supports. An overhead crane assembly is supported by the cross-support beams. In such a manner, refractory components of the refractory structure (e.g., refractory wall blocks and/or refractory checker bricks) may be installed using the overhead crane assembly.

Provided is a manufacturing method for a glass article, including: a supply step of supplying glass raw materials (4) onto a molten glass (2) accommodated in a melting chamber (3) of a glass melting furnace (1); a melting step of melting the supplied glass raw materials (4) through heating; and an outflow step of causing the molten glass (2) to flow outside the melting chamber (3), wherein the glass raw materials (4) supplied from one screw feeder (5) and another screw feeder (5), which are adjacent to each other out of a plurality of screw feeders (5), extend in parallel through intermediation of a gap (6) on the molten glass (2), and wherein the glass raw materials (4) are melted through heating only with an electrode (8) and an electrode (9) each immersed in the molten glass (2) in the melting chamber (3).