In various embodiments, refractory-metal glass melt electrodes are single-crystalline, at least within an outer layer thereof.

A glass element has, per kg of glass, 50 or fewer inclusions having a size of 2 μm to 10 μm. The glass element can be made of borosilicate glass.

An apparatus for transferring molten glass includes a wall including a refractory material and a metal layer provided on an inside of the refractory material, the metal layer coming into contact with the molten glass, and the metal layer being configured to guide the molten glass, the apparatus including a heater including a metal cover protruding to an inside of the wall, the metal cover coming into contact with the molten glass, the heater including a heat generating element electrically insulated from the metal cover, and the heat generating element receiving electric power to radiate heat rays to heat the metal cover from an inside.

A submerged combustion melting system includes a submerged combustion melter having a housing that defines a melting chamber and one or more vibration damping devices operatively coupled to the housing.

A submerged combustion melting system includes a submerged combustion melter having a housing that defines a melting chamber and one or more vibration damping devices operatively coupled to the housing.

Disclosed herein are modular molten glass delivery apparatuses and glass manufacturing apparatuses including the same. A module of a modular molten glass delivery apparatus includes a lower carriage comprising a plurality of lower carriage rollers. An upper rail system is supported on the lower carriage. The upper rail system includes upper support rails oriented at an elevation angle α greater than 0 degrees relative to horizontal. The module further includes an upper carriage. The upper carriage includes a base plate oriented at an elevation angle β greater than 0 degrees relative to horizontal and a plurality of upper carriage rollers engaged with the upper support rails of the upper rail system to facilitate translation of the upper carriage on the upper rail system. A support frame is coupled to the base plate and a molten glass delivery conduit assembly is supported on the base plate within the support frame.

A recycling production line for horseshoe-fired-melting-furnace waste glass is provided, which includes a pre-flushing mechanism used for cleaning, a secondary cleaning mechanism and a drying mechanism. Two conveying mechanisms are mounted at a lower end of the pre-flushing mechanism and a lower end of the drying mechanism, respectively. The secondary cleaning mechanism is arranged between the two conveying mechanisms. An oscillating mechanism is arranged between the pre-flushing mechanism and the conveying mechanism. Through the cooperation of the pre-flushing mechanism and the oscillating mechanism, when glass cullet is flushed for the first time, the effective vibration force and the flushing force can be provided, the cleaning effect is guaranteed, water resources can be recycled, and energy resources are saved. The ultrasonic cleaning, and the drying that is performed at a drying temperature with temperature ranges are utilized, to improve the cleaning degree for later use.

A recycling production line for horseshoe-fired-melting-furnace waste glass is provided, which includes a pre-flushing mechanism used for cleaning, a secondary cleaning mechanism and a drying mechanism. Two conveying mechanisms are mounted at a lower end of the pre-flushing mechanism and a lower end of the drying mechanism, respectively. The secondary cleaning mechanism is arranged between the two conveying mechanisms. An oscillating mechanism is arranged between the pre-flushing mechanism and the conveying mechanism. Through the cooperation of the pre-flushing mechanism and the oscillating mechanism, when glass cullet is flushed for the first time, the effective vibration force and the flushing force can be provided, the cleaning effect is guaranteed, water resources can be recycled, and energy resources are saved. The ultrasonic cleaning, and the drying that is performed at a drying temperature with temperature ranges are utilized, to improve the cleaning degree for later use.

A method for reconditioning a glass manufacturing system includes establishing a reducing atmosphere in a glass melting vessel and draining a glass melt composition from the melting vessel while the reducing atmosphere is in the vessel. The pressure of the reducing atmosphere is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere surrounding the melting vessel and the reducing atmosphere is established by operating at least one combustion burner in the melting vessel in a fuel-rich condition.

A process for producing a glass melting component composed of refractory metal. A surface zone of the glass melting component is densified at least in sections by application of local compressive stress. As a result the surface zone has its porosity reduced compared to a volume section which is located underneath the surface zone and which has residual porosity.