A tube filter for smoking a smokable substance that includes a receiving section having a receiving chamber dimensioned to receive the substance, a smoke section having a smoke chamber to output smoke produced while the substance is ignited, wherein the smoke section has a first open end into the smoke chamber and the receiving section has a second open end into the receiving chamber that is opposite to the first end, and first, second, and third indentations that are disposed between the two chambers, wherein a portion of the first indentation and a first portion of the second indentation are disposed within a first cross-section of the filter and a portion of the third indentation and a second portion of the second indentation are disposed within a second cross-section of the filter, and the third indentation is entirely disposed above the first indentation along the center longitudinal axis.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and techniques for gob-pressing a glass part of challenging geometries, such as large surfaces with thin thickness as well as features positioned far from a centroid of the part.

Provided is a glass production method that can suppress devitrification of glass and increase the productivity of the glass. A glass production method according to the present invention includes the steps of: pouring a melt 11 obtained by melting a raw material of a glass 18 into a mold 13; and cooling the melt 11 to obtain the glass 18, wherein the mold 13 has a bottom surface 14a and a side surface 15a and, in the step of cooling the melt 11, the mold 13 is cooled from a direction of the bottom surface 14a.

Provided is a method for producing an inexpensive chalcogenide optical element having high performance. An inside of chalcogenide glass is also heated uniformly by heating the chalcogenide glass with an infrared ray (light LI). Therefore, a molded lens LE hardly causes a crack or the like, a work piece WP as a block of the chalcogenide glass can be softened in a short time, and time required for molding can be shortened. In addition, direct heating with an infrared ray (light LI) allows heating and cooling to be performed in a short time. Therefore, an effect of volatilization, oxidation, crystallization, or the like can be reduced, and the lens LE having a high transmittance can be molded. Press molding can be performed while the temperature of the second mold die 12 is lower than that of the glass. Therefore, the lens LE hardly causing fusion and having an excellent appearance can be molded with a low maintenance frequency.

A production method for a porous glass atomization core includes: S1: producing porous glass by: scheme one: a production method for the porous glass including: mixing glass powder, a fiber component, a pore-forming agent, and an additive phase to produce a green body, and performing debinding and sintering to obtain the porous glass; or scheme two: a production method for the porous glass including: mixing glass powder, a fiber component, and a pore-forming agent to produce a green body, and performing debinding and sintering to obtain the porous glass; and S2: using the porous glass as a substrate, and arranging a heating unit on the substrate.

A method for manufacturing an optical element includes pressing a phosphate-based glass containing Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 in a proportion of 10 mass % or higher and 30 mass % or lower with a hot mold; and then cooling the same, in which pressure equal to or higher than the critical pressure of oxygen and equal to or lower than a strength of glass is continuously applied to the glass from the time of bringing the glass into contact with the pressing surface of the mold at a glass viscosity of log =9 [dPa.Math.sec] or higher and 10 [dPa.Math.sec] or lower until the glass viscosity log increases to 12 [dPa.Math.sec] by cooling.

Disclosed is a method of preparing a solid electrolyte composition for a lithium secondary battery which includes: (a) mixing materials including Li.sub.2O, SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, P.sub.2O.sub.5, BaO, Cs.sub.2O and V.sub.2O.sub.5; (b) melting the mixed materials; (c) rapidly cooling the molten materials at room temperature and compressing the molten materials using a preheated plate to form electrolyte glass having a predetermined thickness; (d) heating the electrolyte glass to eliminate stress at a predetermined temperature range; (e) heating the electrolyte glass to a higher temperature range higher than in the step of heating the electrolyte glass to eliminate stress to be crystallized; and (f) precisely adjusting a thickness of the electrolyte glass by lapping the electrolyte glass.

An optical element manufacturing apparatus includes plural pairs of stage units that are each arranged opposite to each other so as to sandwich a mold set that houses a molding material, each of the plural pairs of stage units performing at least one of heating, pressurization, and cooling on the mold set, wherein each of the stage units includes a temperature control block for which temperature is controlled, and in a third direction orthogonal to a first direction and a second direction, the temperature control block includes heating regions that are positioned on sides of both ends and in which heating sources are arranged, and a non-heating region that is positioned on a central side and in which the heating sources are not arranged throughout the first direction, the first direction being a direction in which the plural pairs of stage units are arranged, and the second direction being a direction in which a pair of stage units are opposite to each other.

A method of manufacturing a window includes a thermoforming step of pressurizing and thermoforming a first window disposed between a pressing frame and a receiving frame to form a second window, by moving the pressing frame in a first direction facing the receiving frame, wherein the first window includes a first flat portion, first curved portions bent at a curvature from the first flat portion, and a first corner portion between two adjacent first curved portions among the first curved portions, and the second window includes a second flat portion, second curved portions bent at a curvature from the second flat portion, and a second corner portion between two adjacent second curved portions among the second curved portions.

A copper ion-doped polychromatic fluorescent glass and a preparation method and use thereof are provided. The fluorescent glass has a chemical formula shown as the following: aP.sub.2O.sub.5-bSiO.sub.2-cZnO-dCs.sub.2CO.sub.3-eNaCl-fCuCl, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f in the formula represent the molar coefficients of compounds, wherein a is 45 to 65, b is 10 to 30, c is 1 to 5, d is 5 to 20, e is 5 to 20, f is 0.1 to 5. The fluorescent can achieve blue, orange and near-infrared photoluminescence under the UV light with higher fluorescent quantum yield.