A glass container is provided that includes a tube, a circular bottom, and a longitudinal axis. A curved glass heel extends from an outer end the bottom to the first end of the tube. The two-dimensional distance h(x,y) between a contact plane and the outer surface. The two-dimensional distance is measured in a direction parallel to the axis. The slope magnitude of the outer surface at the given position x,y is given by

√{square root over ((dh/dx).sup.2+(dh/dy).sup.2)}.

The 75% quantile of values that have been determined for the term

√{square root over ((dh/dx).sup.2+(dh/dy).sup.2)}×d1/h(xy).sub.delta

for all given positions x,y within a circular area having a radius of 0.4×d2/2 and that correspond to the centre is less than 4100 μm/mm. The adjacent positions x,y increase stepwise by 200 μm, and h(x,y).sub.delta=h(x,y).sub.max−h(x,y).sub.min, h(x,y).sub.max is a maximum value for h(x,y) and h(x,y).sub.min is a minimum value for h(x,y) being determined in that circular area.

A glass container is provided that includes a tube, a circular bottom, and a longitudinal axis. A curved glass heel extends from an outer end the bottom to the first end of the tube. The outer surface has a topography defined by a function ĥ(x) that is an azimuthal average of a distance between a contact plane and the outer surface at any given position located on a circle having the centre and the radius |x|. The values ĥ for ĥ(x) are determined for a plurality of circles the radius of which increases stepwise by 500 μm starting with a circle around the centre having a radius of 500 μm. The values ĥ are determined in a range from x=−0.4×d2/2 to x=+0.4×d2/2, d2 having a size such that at least 4 values ĥ are determined and can be fitted with a curvature function

[00001]$\hat{h}\left(x\right)=\frac{-c\times x^2}{1+\sqrt{1-c^2\times x^2}}+h_0.$

A process for preparing a glass container that includes: providing a glass tube with a first portion, a second portion, and a longitudinal axis (L.sub.tube); holding the first portion in a first clamping chuck and the second portion in a second clamping chuck; rotating the glass tube around the longitudinal axis (L.sub.tube); heating, via a heater, the glass tube above a glass transition temperature; separating the first and second portions from one another by pulling apart along the longitudinal axis (L.sub.tube) while the heated glass tube is still rotating by moving the first and the second chucks away from each other; and moving the heater, while moving the first and second chucks away from each other, so that the heater follows a mass that remains at a circular end region of the first and/or second portion.

A fabricating method for a quartz vial having a body for containing a substance, a bottom closing a lower end of the body, a cylindrical neck disposed above the body, and a cylindrical mouth disposed above the neck and having an outer diameter larger than that of the neck includes the steps of forming an outer peripheral surface of the neck by shaving, and joining by thermal fusion, to the neck, the body that is separately fabricated. Thus, quartz vials having a predetermined shape can be mass-fabricated.

The present invention provides a method for evaluating a processing deterioration level of a medical glass container, including (a) a step of imaging a surface of a medical glass container molded from a borosilicate glass tube to obtain an image, and (b) a step of analyzing a contrast of the image. The method is particularly useful to evaluate the amount of alkali substances which are deposited on the inner side surface of a medical glass container.

A process for preparing a glass container that includes: providing a glass tube with a first portion, a second portion, and a longitudinal axis (L.sub.tube); holding the first portion in a first clamping chuck and the second portion in a second clamping chuck; rotating the glass tube around the longitudinal axis (L.sub.tube); heating, via a heater, the glass tube above a glass transition temperature; separating the first and second portions from one another by pulling apart along the longitudinal axis (L.sub.tube) while the heated glass tube is still rotating by moving the first and the second chucks away from each other; and moving the heater, while moving the first and second chucks away from each other, so that the heater follows a mass that remains at a circular end region of the first and/or second portion.

The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a reference electrode, wherein an internal space of the reference electrode is delimited by an outer wall and wherein the internal space contains a reference electrolyte up to a specified height, wherein the reference electrode is introduced into a pressurization chamber, wherein a defined overpressure is applied to the pressurization chamber and, via an opening that is located above the specified height in the outer wall of the reference electrode to the internal space of the reference electrode, and wherein the opening in the outer wall of the reference electrode is closed at the defined overpressure . The present disclosure further relates to a device for carrying out the method.

A method of fabricating one or more glass cells includes drawing one or more glass capillaries from a source of glass material. The method includes performing a first conditioning of one or more inner surfaces of the one or more capillaries. The method includes sealing one or more first ends of the one or more capillaries using thermal energy. The method includes performing a second conditioning of the one or more inner surfaces after the sealing. The method includes purifying the one or more capillaries to increase a purity of a gas used to fill the one or more capillaries. The method includes filling the one or more capillaries using the gas after the purifying. The method includes pressurizing the one or more capillaries to a given pressure. The method includes sealing one or more second ends of the one or more capillaries using thermal energy.

A method of fabricating one or more glass cells includes drawing one or more glass capillaries from a source of glass material. The method includes performing a first conditioning of one or more inner surfaces of the one or more capillaries. The method includes sealing one or more first ends of the one or more capillaries using thermal energy. The method includes performing a second conditioning of the one or more inner surfaces after the sealing. The method includes purifying the one or more capillaries to increase a purity of a gas used to fill the one or more capillaries. The method includes filling the one or more capillaries using the gas after the purifying. The method includes pressurizing the one or more capillaries to a given pressure. The method includes sealing one or more second ends of the one or more capillaries using thermal energy.