A solar cell includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface. An underlayer is located over the second surface. A first conductive layer is located over the underlayer. An overlayer is located over the first conductive layer. A semiconductor layer is located over the conductive oxide layer. A second conductive layer is located over the semiconductor layer. The first conductive layer includes a conductive oxide and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and/or fluorine.

Techniques, processes and structures are disclosed for providing markings on products, such as electronic devices. For example, the markings can be formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes to deposit a layer of material. The markings or labels may be textual and/or graphic. The markings are deposited on a compliant layer that is disposed on a surface to be marked. The compliant layer is arranged to isolate the surface to be marked from the layer of material deposited using the PVD process.

A process for manufacturing an electrochromic glazing unit includes forming, on one face of a glass sheet, a complete all-solid-state electrochromic stack including in succession a first layer of a transparent conductive oxide; a layer of a cathodically colored mineral electrochromic material to form an electrochromic electrode; a layer of an ionically conductive mineral solid electrolyte; a layer of a cation intercalation material to form a counter electrode; and a second layer of a transparent conductive oxide; then heat treatment of the complete electrochromic stack by irradiation with radiation having a wavelength comprised between 500 and 2000 nm, the radiation originating from a radiating device placed facing the electrochromic stack, a relative movement being created between the radiating device and the substrate so as to raise the electrochromic stack to a temperature at least equal to 300 C. for a brief duration, for example shorter than 100 milliseconds.

The present disclosure relates to an improved anti-reflective architectural or automotive glass. The glass may include a porous, nano-structured anti-reflective coating on at least one side of a glass product, including tempered or laminated glass. The porous, nano-structured anti-reflective coating may include pores increasing in size from a base layer at a glass substrate towards a porous surface. The porous, nano-structured anti-reflective coating, in some embodiments, may be on both surfaces of a glass product. Alternative embodiments include a painted surface on a second side of the glass product to provide an improved aesthetic glass design.

The present invention provides a method of increasing the strength of a glass substrate for optical filters and a tempered-glass optical filter using a tempered glass substrate manufactured using the same, in which the glass substrate for optical filters is subjected to chemical tempering so that a compressive stress (CS) and a depth of layer (DOL) of the glass substrate are adjusted to increase the bending strength thereof.

A glass pattern printing process may print a pattern on a front side of a glass. The glass pattern printing process may produce the pattern in a wear-resistant, acid-resistant, alkali-resistant and well-transparent form. The glass pattern printing process may be ideal for producing light-emitting tiles.

A solar cell includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface. An underlayer is located over the second surface. A first conductive layer is located over the underlayer. An overlayer is located over the first conductive layer. A semiconductor layer is located over the conductive oxide layer. A second conductive layer is located over the semiconductor layer. The first conductive layer includes a conductive oxide and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and/or fluorine.

Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic windows that are bird friendly, as well as methods and apparatus for forming such windows. Bird friendly windows include one or more elements that make the window visible to birds so that the birds recognize that they cannot fly through the window. Bird friendly windows can be used to minimize avian-window collisions, and therefore minimize avian deaths resulting from such collisions. In various embodiments, a window may be patterned such that the pattern is visible to birds. In these or other cases, the window may be made hazy, where the haze is visible to birds. The pattern and/or haze may be visible at wavelengths that fall in UV, and minimally noticeable (if at all) in wavelengths within the spectrum visible by humans.

An article, for example a solar cell, includes a first substrate having a first surface and a second surface. An underlayer is located over the second surface. A first conductive layer is located over the underlayer. An overlayer is located over the first conductive layer. A semiconductor layer is located over the conductive oxide layer. A second conductive layer is located over the semiconductor layer. The first conductive layer can include a conductive oxide and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and/or fluorine. The overlayer can include a buffer layer having tin oxide and at least one of zinc, indium, gallium, and magnesium.

A method of making a coated article includes forming a first coating over a first surface of a substrate; and forming a second coating over a second surface of the substrate. The second coating includes a first conductive layer including tin oxide and at least one material selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, and niobium.