A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate and its method of formation is disclosed. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate comprises a solid support, a first noble metal nanoparticles is disposed on the solid support, a porous oxide layer comprising transition metal oxide nanoparticles is disposed on the first noble metal nanoparticles and a second noble metal nanoparticles is disposed on the porous oxide layer. The porous oxide layer prevents contact between the first noble metal nanoparticles and the second noble metal nanoparticles and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm.

The invention relates to a method for producing a semi-transparent motor vehicle design element (3), comprising the following steps:

A providing a dimensionally stable, at least partially light-permeable substrate (1) which is heat-resistant for a temperature of at least 60° C., the substrate (1) having a front side (1a) and a rear side (1b),

B introducing the substrate (1) into a vacuum chamber (2) and applying a first metallic semi-transparent layer (L1) by means of a PVD process to the substrate (1) according to step a) which is situated in the vacuum chamber (2), and

C applying a light-impermeable cover layer (LD) to the front or rear side (1a, 1b) of the substrate (1), the light-impermeable cover layer (LD) containing at least one light-permeable opening (8) for reproducing at least one graphical symbol (SYM),

steps B and C being carried out such that light (LSQ) passing through the at least one opening (8) in the light-impermeable cover layer (LD) from the rear side (1b) towards the front side (1a) of the substrate (1) is incident on the first metallic semi-transparent layer (L1) and at least partially passes outwards through the first metallic semi-transparent layer (L1) in order to project the at least one graphical symbol (SYM) represented by the at least one opening (8).

A composite pane includes an outer pane, an inner pane, and a thermoplastic intermediate layer. The composite pane has, between the outer and inner panes, a solar protection coating that substantially reflects or absorbs rays outside the visible spectrum of solar radiation. The solar protection coating includes starting from the outer pane, a layer sequence of first dielectric module (M1), first silver layer (Ag1), second dielectric module (M2), second silver layer (Ag2), third dielectric module (M3), third dielectric module (M3), third silver layer (Ag3), fourth dielectric module (M4), wherein the silver layers (Ag1, Ag2, Ag3) have a layer thickness relative to one another of Ag1/Ag2>1 and Ag1/Ag3>1, and the dielectric modules (M1, M2, M3, M4) have a relative layer thickness of M2/M1>1, M2/M3>1, and M2/M4>1.

A composite pane includes an outer pane, an inner pane, and a thermoplastic intermediate layer. The composite pane has, between the outer and inner panes, a solar protection coating that substantially reflects or absorbs rays outside the visible spectrum of solar radiation. The solar protection coating includes starting from the outer pane, a layer sequence of first dielectric module (M1), first silver layer (Ag1), second dielectric module (M2), second silver layer (Ag2), third dielectric module (M3), third dielectric module (M3), third silver layer (Ag3), fourth dielectric module (M4), wherein the silver layers (Ag1, Ag2, Ag3) have a layer thickness relative to one another of Ag1/Ag2>1 and Ag1/Ag3>1, and the dielectric modules (M1, M2, M3, M4) have a relative layer thickness of M2/M1>1, M2/M3>1, and M2/M4>1.

Disclosed herein is method for fabricating a graphene layer on a non-graphene carbon layer including steps of cleaning and seeding a substrate, depositing a crystalline diamond on the substrate, sputtering an aluminum layer on the crystalline diamond, where the aluminum layer is greater than 5 nanometers and less than 50 nanometers; and treating a surface of the aluminum layer with an ion beam resulting in a graphene layer on the crystalline diamond.

Disclosed herein is method for fabricating a graphene layer on a non-graphene carbon layer including steps of cleaning and seeding a substrate, depositing a crystalline diamond on the substrate, sputtering an aluminum layer on the crystalline diamond, where the aluminum layer is greater than 5 nanometers and less than 50 nanometers; and treating a surface of the aluminum layer with an ion beam resulting in a graphene layer on the crystalline diamond.

Multilayer metallo-dielectric energy control coatings are disclosed in which one or more layers are formed from a hydrogenated metal nitride dielectric, which may be hydrogenated during or after dielectric deposition. Properties of the multilayer coating may be configured by appropriately tuning the hydrogen concentration (and/or the spatial profile thereof) in one or more hydrogenated metal nitride dielectric layers. One or more metal layers of the multilayer coating may be formed on a hydrogenated nitride dielectric layer, thereby facilitating adhesion of the metal with a low percolation threshold and enabling the formation of thin metal layers that exhibit substantial transparency in the visible spectrum. Optical properties of the coating may be tuned through modulation of metal-dielectric interface roughness and dispersion of metal nanoparticles in the dielectric layer. Electrical busbars and micro-nano electrical grids may be integrated with one or more metal layers to provide functionality such as de-icing and defogging.

A process for making a symmetrical glazing that has the same nominal weight as an asymmetrical glazing that has been determined to afford enhanced glazing strength, glazing rigidity, or stone impact resistance wherein the symmetric glazing has improved acoustic attenuation over coincidence frequencies of the asymmetric glazing design.

The invention relates to a motor vehicle headlamp (8) comprising a vehicle headlamp housing (9), an at least sectionally transparent cover pane (10) that closes the vehicle headlamp housing (9), a light source (11) that is accommodated in the vehicle headlamp housing (9) and serves for radiating light through the cover pane (10), and at least one motor vehicle design element (3) that is accommodated in the vehicle headlamp housing (9), wherein the at least one motor vehicle design element (3) comprises a dimensionally stable substrate (1) with at least one coated side.

The invention relates to a motor vehicle headlamp (8) comprising a vehicle headlamp housing (9), an at least sectionally transparent cover pane (10) that closes the vehicle headlamp housing (9), a light source (11) that is accommodated in the vehicle headlamp housing (9) and serves for radiating light through the cover pane (10), and at least one motor vehicle design element (3) that is accommodated in the vehicle headlamp housing (9), wherein the at least one motor vehicle design element (3) comprises a dimensionally stable substrate (1) with at least one coated side.