Provided is a method of manufacturing a window, which includes preparing a first preliminary glass substrate including Li.sup.+ ions and Na.sup.+ ions, providing a first strengthening molten salt including Na.sup.+ ions onto the first preliminary glass substrate and forming a second preliminary glass substrate, providing a second strengthening molten salt including Rb.sup.+ ions onto the second preliminary glass substrate and forming a third preliminary glass substrate, and providing a third strengthening molten salt including K.sup.+ ions onto the third preliminary glass substrate and forming a strengthened glass substrate.

A method of treating a substrate in a pressure vessel that includes the steps: preparing an ion-exchange bath with a bath composition that comprises a polar solvent and a plurality of ion-exchanging ions in a vessel; submersing a substrate having an outer region containing a plurality of exchangeable ions in the bath; pressurizing the bath in the vessel to a predetermined pressure substantially above ambient pressure; heating the bath in the vessel to a predetermined temperature; and treating the substrate for a predetermined ion-exchange duration at the predetermined pressure and temperature such that a portion of the plurality of exchangeable ions is exchanged with a portion of the ion-exchanging ions. The substrate can consist essentially of a glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic substrate composition, and the predetermined ion-exchange duration, temperature and pressure can each be selected based at least in part on the substrate composition and the bath composition.

Methods for reducing a defective area in a strengthened substrate to produce a non-defective substrate are provided. The methods include contacting a strengthened defective substrate with a heated salt bath containing at least one monovalent salt, and removing the strengthened substrate from the bath. The strengthened substrate, before being contacted with the salt bath, is a defective substrate having at least one defective area and one or more non-defective area. Upon removal from the salt bath, at least one defective area has been reduced or substantially removed to produce a non-defective substrate.

A method for generating various stress profiles for chemically strengthened glass. An alkali aluminosilicate glass is brought into contact with an ion exchange media such as, for example, a molten salt bath containing an alkali metal cation that is larger than an alkali metal cation in the glass. The ion exchange is carried out at temperatures greater than about 420 C. and at least about 30 C. below the anneal point of the glass.

A lighting unit includes a glass laminate structure including a base layer formed from a first glass composition with a refractive index n.sub.base and a surface layer fused to a surface of the base layer and formed from a second glass composition with a refractive index n.sub.surface. The surface layer includes a high refractive index region with a refractive index n.sub.high and a low refractive index region with a refractive index n.sub.low. n.sub.base and n.sub.surface satisfy the equation |n.sub.surfacen.sub.base0.001, n.sub.high is greater than or equal to n.sub.base 1, and n.sub.low is less than n.sub.base. The high refractive index region is optically coupled to the base layer such that at least a portion of light propagating through the base layer leaks out of the base layer and into the high refractive index region. A display device or a luminaire can include the lighting unit.

A method for manufacturing antimicrobial glass includes the steps of: a) providing a glass with alkali metal ions; b) placing the glass in a first oven to perform semi-physical strengthening and dealkalization; and c) placing the glass in a second oven to perform chemical strengthening.

The prism coupling methods disclosed herein are directed to determining a stress characteristic of an original IOX article having a buried IOX region with a buried refractive index profile that is problematic in the sense that it prevents the original IOX article from being measured using a prism coupler system. The methods include modifying the buried IOX region of the original IOX article in a surface portion of the buried IOX region to form a modified IOX article having an unburied refractive index profile that allows the modified IOX article to be measured using a prism coupler. The methods also include measuring a mode spectrum of the modified IOX article using the prism coupler system. The methods further include determining one or more stress characteristic of the original IOX article from the mode spectrum of the modified IOX article.

The present invention provides a tin alloy bath for a float bath, an apparatus for manufacturing a float glass, a method for manufacturing a float glass that can provide a high quality float glass in which defects due to coagulation and falling of a volatile tin component have been suppressed, and a float glass manufactured using those. The above-mentioned tin alloy bath for a float bath is a molten metal bath to be placed in the float bath for supplying molten glass to a liquid surface of the molten metal bath, thereby forming into a glass ribbon, and includes 1 mass % or more of copper with the remainder being unavoidable impurities and tin.

Disclosed are device display screen protectors comprising a first strengthened substrate sized to cover a display screen of an electronic device, the first strengthened substrate having a central tension value in the range greater than 0 MPa and less than 20 MPa, a surface having a Knoop lateral cracking scratch threshold of at least 3 N.

Methods for reducing a defective area in a strengthened substrate to produce a non-defective substrate are provided. The methods include contacting a strengthened defective substrate with a heated salt bath containing at least one monovalent salt, and removing the strengthened substrate from the bath. The strengthened substrate, before being contacted with the salt bath, is a defective substrate having at least one defective area and one or more non-defective area. Upon removal from the salt bath, at least one defective area has been reduced or substantially removed to produce a non-defective substrate.