A vacuum insulated structure for use in an appliance includes an inner liner and an outer wrapper coupled to the inner liner. A vacuum insulated cavity is defined therebetween. An insulation material is disposed in the vacuum insulated cavity. The insulation material includes porous glass flakes.

A process for heating a glass or glass ceramic article with copper-metallized through holes includes heating the article from a first temperature to a second temperature. The first temperature is greater than or equal to 200° C. and less than or equal to 300° C., and the second temperature is greater than or equal to 350° C. and less than or equal to 450° C. An average heating rate during the heating of the article from the first temperature to the second temperature is greater than 0.0° C./min and less than 8.7° C./min. An article includes a glass or glass ceramic substrate having at least one through hole penetrating the substrate in a thickness direction; and copper present in the at least one through hole. The article does not comprise radial cracks.

A material including a transparent substrate coated with a stack of thin layers including at least one silver-based functional metallic layer and at least one zinc-based metallic layer. The zinc-based metallic layer is located above or below a silver-based functional metallic layer and separated from this silver-based functional metallic layer by at least one intermediate oxide layer based on one or more elements chosen from zinc, titanium, zirconium, tin, niobium, magnesium, hafnium and nickel.

One aspect is a process to producing a synthetic quartz glass, including an annealing treatment that includes: putting a synthetic quartz glass as a parent material into a heat treatment furnace; elevating a temperature in the heat treatment furnace to a prescribed keeping temperature that is equal to or higher than the annealing point; keeping the keeping temperature; annealing the synthetic quartz glass; and taking the synthetic quartz glass out of the heat treatment furnace. The process includes determining an annealing rate v [° C./h] of the annealing step based on a value of S/V [mm.sup.2/mm.sup.3], wherein S [mm.sup.2] is the surface area of the synthetic quartz glass as a parent material and V [mm.sup.3] is the volume thereof and a target birefringence Re [nm/cm] for the synthetic quartz glass after the annealing, and the annealing step is performed at the determined annealing rate v.

A method of forming an insulation material for a vacuum insulated structure includes heating glass flakes to at least a glass transition temperature of the glass flakes to induce a phase separation of the glass into an acid insoluble silica phase and an acid soluble phase. The glass flakes can be derived from a glass composition containing (by weight): SiO.sub.2 from about 40% to about 80%, B.sub.2O.sub.3 from about 10% to about 40%, Na.sub.2O from about 1% to about 10%, Li.sub.2O from about 0% to about 3%, CaO from about 0% to about 10%, ZnO from about 0% to about 5%, P.sub.2O.sub.5 from about 0% to about 10%, and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 from about 0% to about 10%. The method also includes a step of etching the glass flakes to dissolve the acid soluble phase to form porous glass flakes.

A method of manufacturing a window, includes: preparing a first preliminary glass substrate that does not contain Li.sup.+ ions and contains Na.sup.+ ions; providing a first strengthening molten salt to the first preliminary glass substrate to form a second preliminary glass substrate; providing heat to the second preliminary glass substrate at a temperature of about 400 to 500° C. for a period of about 3 to 7 hours to form a third preliminary glass substrate; and providing a second strengthening molten salt to the third preliminary glass substrate to form a window.

The invention discloses porous, bioactive glass and glass ceramic morsels or pellets to be used as tissue graft substitute materials and processes for obtaining the same wherein the bioactive glass and glass ceramic morsels or pellets are made up of natural agents like phosphate, calcium, sodium and other elements which are not alien to the human or animal body. The said preparation process encompasses various steps like quenching sintering, foaming, and sol-gel casting which render the glass morsels or pellets unique bioactivity and enhanced porosity which may facilitate tissue repair and augmentation during tissue graft replacement.

Frangible glass articles having a fracture behavior that resists ejection of glass particles upon fracture. In some embodiments, the frangible glass articles can have a first surface region with a first elastic compressive stress energy per unit area of glass (W.sub.el.sup.comp1), a second surface region with a second elastic compressive stress energy per unit area of glass (W.sub.el.sup.comp2), and a central region with an elastic tensile stress energy per unit area of glass (W.sub.T), where (W.sub.el.sup.comp1+W.sub.el.sup.comp2)−W.sub.T≤25 J/m.sup.2. In some embodiments, the frangible glass articles can have a total load ratio (W.sub.i/G.sub.D) less than 6.5 and a total elastic compressive stress energy per unit area of glass (W.sub.C) less than 60% of a total load (W.sub.i), where: W.sub.C=W.sub.el.sup.comp1+W.sub.el.sup.comp2, W.sub.i=W.sub.C+W.sub.T, G.sub.D=4G.sub.1C, and $G_{1C}=\frac{K_{1C}^2\left(1-v^2\right)}{E}.$
In some embodiments, the frangible glass articles can have a differential load ratio (W.sub.d/G.sub.IC) less than $72e^{\left(-12\frac{d1}{t}\right)}.$

A known method for homogenizing glass includes the following steps: providing a cylindrical blank composed of the glass, having a cylindrical outer surface which extends between a first end face and a second end face, forming a shear zone in the blank by softening a longitudinal section of the blank and subjecting it to a thermal-mechanical intermixing treatment, and moving the shear zone along the longitudinal axis of the blank. To reduce the risk of cracks and fractures during homogenizing, it is proposed that a thermal radiation dissipator is used that at least partially surrounds the shear zone, the lateral dimension of which in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the blank is greater than the shear zone and smaller than the length of the blank, the thermal radiation dissipator being moved synchronously with the shear zone along the longitudinal axis of the blank.

An opaque gahnite-spinel glass ceramic is provided. The glass ceramic includes a first crystal phase including (Mg.sub.xZn.sub.1-x)Al.sub.2O.sub.4 where x is less than 1 and a second crystal phase includes at least one of tetragonal ZrO.sub.2, MgTa.sub.2O.sub.6, mullite, and cordierite. The glass ceramic has a Young's modulus greater than or equal to 90 GPa, and has a hardness greater than or equal to 7.5 GPa. The glass ceramic may be ion exchanged. Methods for producing the glass ceramic are also provided.