A treating liquid vaporizing apparatus includes a buffer tank for storing a treating liquid, a vaporizing container connected to the buffer tank for vaporizing the treating liquid, a further vaporizing container connected to the buffer tank in parallel with the vaporizing container for vaporizing the treating liquid, a switch valve for opening and closing a flow path of the treating liquid between the buffer tank and the vaporizing container, and a switch valve for opening and closing a flow path of the treating liquid between the buffer tank and the further vaporizing container.

Superhydrophilic and antifogging non-porous TiO.sub.2 films for glass substrates and methods of providing the TiO.sub.2 films are provided. The TiO.sub.2 films may maintain a water contact angle less than 5 in the dark for five days after an annealing treatment, and the water contact angle of the TiO.sub.2 films may stabilize at less than 20 after ten days from the annealing treatment. The TiO.sub.2 films may have a thickness of about 20 nm and may be transparent. The methods may include depositing a TiO.sub.2 film on a glass substrate using e-beam evaporation. The methods may further include annealing the TiO.sub.2 film after depositing the TiO.sub.2 film on the glass substrate. The methods may not include UV radiation.

A substrate having inner and outer major surfaces, a plurality of edge surfaces, and a plurality of corner surfaces; and at least one of: (i) a coating applied over a limited area of the outer major surface of the substrate to produce a composite structure, (ii) an intermediate layer applied to the inner major surface of the substrate, and (iii) an elongate discontinuity disposed at one or more corners of the substrate, each of which operates to reduce catastrophic failures in the substrate resulting from a dynamic sharp impact to the outer major surface of the substrate.

A method of producing a film of carbon nitride material, including the steps of providing a precursor of the carbon nitride material in a reacting vessel and a substrate substantially above the precursor of the carbon nitride material; heating the reacting vessel, the precursor of the carbon nitride material and the substrate at the first predetermined temperature; and quenching the reacting vessel to reach the second predetermined temperature; wherein the film of carbon nitride material is formed on a surface of the substrate during the quenching of the reacting vessel.

A method for forming a thin film having durability at a low cost is provided. A film formation apparatus 1 is used in the film formation method. The apparatus 1 comprises a vacuum container 11 in which a substrate 100 is placed at a lower part, a vacuum pump 15 for exhaust inside the container 11, a storage container 23 for storing a coating agent 21 provided outside the container 11, and a nozzle having an ejection part 19 capable of ejecting the coating agent 21 at its one end. A solution including two or more kinds of materials is used as the coating agent 21. The solution is ejected to the substrate in an atmosphere at a pressure set based on vapor pressures of respective materials composing the solution.

Superhydrophilic and antifogging non-porous TiO.sub.2 films for glass substrates and methods of providing the TiO.sub.2 films are provided. The TiO.sub.2 films may maintain a water contact angle less than 5 in the dark for five days after an annealing treatment, and the water contact angle of the TiO.sub.2 films may stabilize at less than 20 after ten days from the annealing treatment. The TiO.sub.2 films may have a thickness of about 20 nm and may be transparent. The methods may include depositing a TiO.sub.2 film on a glass substrate using e-beam evaporation. The methods may further include annealing the TiO.sub.2 film after depositing the TiO.sub.2 film on the glass substrate. The methods may not include UV radiation.

A hood for depositing vaporized metals on glass container surfaces includes a vaporized metal source that produces vaporized metal; an enclosure, receiving one or more glass containers, comprising at least one side wall and at least one center section having a top above the glass containers; and one or more conduits that fluidly communicate the vaporized metal to an opening in at least one of the top of the center section and the side wall using one or more conduit fans.

A method for generating antireflective coatings for polymeric substrates using a deposition process and/or a dissolving process can provide a coating onto the outer surface of the substrate. Some embodiments can include a GLAD generated fluoropolymer coating or a co-evaporated fluoropolymer coating on a substrate that may achieve ultralow refractive index as well as improved adhesion and durability properties on polymeric substrates. In some embodiments, the deposition process is performed such that a fluoropolymer can be evaporated to form chain fragments of the fluoropolymer. The chain fragments diffused into the substrate can subsequently re-polymerize, interlocking with the polymer chains of the substrate. In some embodiments, the co-evaporation process can form a nanoporous polymer chain scaffold of the fluoropolymer, from which a sacrificial material can be dissolved out. The formed coating can be a multilayer or continuously-graded antireflective coating that has strong adhesion with the substrate.

The invention relates to a method for partially coating a surface of an object, comprising the following steps: (a) optional hydrophobization of the surface of the object; (b) partial application of (b1) a liquid and subsequent application of a powderous or granular substance or (b2) a solution or suspension of said powderous or granular substance in a liquid; (c) drying the surface to form spatially-delimited salt or powder crusts; (d) coating the surface with at least one layer of a metal or a metal compound; and (e) removing the salt or powder crusts that have been produced. The invention also relates to products that have been produced according to the claimed method.

Containers are provided that include a body structure having a top end that defines an opening, a sealed base end, and a sidewall structure extending between the top and base ends, in which the sidewall structure has an interior surface and an exterior surface, the interior surface defining an interior space, and a protective coating that includes a diamond-like carbon on at least a portion of the exterior surface of the sidewall structure. Methods for enhancing the mechanical strength of containers are also provided.