In one aspect, the disclosure relates to methods for producing hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces on an article. The method involves laser depositing hydrophobic materials on at least one surface of the article. By varying the laser parameters as well as the surface of the where the hydrophobic material is to be laser deposited, the hydrophobic properties of the surface can be modified. The starting substrate could be hydrophilic or superhydrophilic.

A method of manufacturing a glass includes forming a first etch protection layer on a first surface of a glass substrate, and forming a second etch protection layer on a second surface of the glass substrate; removing a part of the first protection layer and a part of the second protection layer by applying a laser pulse penetrating the glass substrate from above the first surface of the glass substrate; forming a cut part in the glass substrate by etching the glass substrate using an etching solution; and removing the first etch protection layer and the second etch protection layer. The second surface is opposite to the first surface.

The problem of the present invention is to provide a substrate with high versatility, a method for producing the substrate, and a method for producing a unit cell using the substrate. The problem is solved by providing a substrate comprising a plurality of alkali metal azide spots on a substantially flat surface.