Embodiments of the present invention may provide encapsulation of waste (2) materials in a first (1), double (5), triple (7), or even quadruple (44) encapsulation. Encapsulation may include waste (2), ash (4), Portland cement (3), water, chemicals, or the like. Agglomerates formed perhaps with high energy mixing may be processed, cured, or the like.

A composite material, compositions, processes and methods of using coal and coal by-products composite ceramics is provided for use as a safe, non-toxic material for construction, building and architecture components. The composite material disclosed herein is formed from resin/coal aggregates that contain and prevent the release of harmful impurities that naturally occur in both coal and coal by-products while the advantages of coal-based composites are made available to the building industry. The strength, density and porosity of the composites can be tailored within a wide range to fit the final application by controlling the materials, form factor and processing parameters during fabrication.

A composite material, compositions, processes and methods of using coal and coal by-products composite ceramics is provided for use as a safe, non-toxic material for construction, building and architecture components. The composite material disclosed herein is formed from resin/coal aggregates that contain and prevent the release of harmful impurities that naturally occur in both coal and coal by-products while the advantages of coal-based composites are made available to the building industry. The strength, density and porosity of the composites can be tailored within a wide range to fit the final application by controlling the materials, form factor and processing parameters during fabrication.

The invention provides a method of containing PFAS within a low permeability cementitious product, the method comprising: forming a cementitious slurry, the cementitious slurry comprising: cement; water; aggregate; and allowing the cementitious slurry to cure and thereby form a cementitious product; wherein one or more of the water and the aggregate is contaminated with PFAS; and further wherein the method comprises adding one or more of: siliceous pozzolans; plasticizer(s); and crystalline growth water-proofing compound(s), in an amount sufficient to produce a cementitious product comprising low water permeability, the low water permeability substantially preventing leaching of PFAS.

The invention provides a method of containing PFAS within a low permeability cementitious product, the method comprising: forming a cementitious slurry, the cementitious slurry comprising: cement; water; aggregate; and allowing the cementitious slurry to cure and thereby form a cementitious product; wherein one or more of the water and the aggregate is contaminated with PFAS; and further wherein the method comprises adding one or more of: siliceous pozzolans; plasticizer(s); and crystalline growth water-proofing compound(s), in an amount sufficient to produce a cementitious product comprising low water permeability, the low water permeability substantially preventing leaching of PFAS.

Suggested is a solid formed with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K, characterized in that in the .sup.27Al-MAS-NMR spectra of the solid compared to the .sup.27Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of calcium aluminate, an additional signal is present which has a chemical shift which lies between that of the main peak of calcium aluminate and that peak of calcium aluminate which is closest to the main peak in the higher field. 2.

Suggested is a solid formed with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K, characterized in that in the .sup.27Al-MAS-NMR spectra of the solid compared to the .sup.27Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of calcium aluminate, an additional signal is present which has a chemical shift which lies between that of the main peak of calcium aluminate and that peak of calcium aluminate which is closest to the main peak in the higher field. 2.

The present invention describes a method for manufacturing of a composite fixated material comprising the steps of: (a) providing bottom oil shale ash obtained after burning oil shale, said bottom oil shale (BOSA) comprises pozzolanic particles having size of about 10 to 4000 μm and being capable of adsorbing trace elements at their surface; (b) providing acidic waste comprising said trace elements; and (c) adding the BOSA provided in step (a) to the acidic waste provided in step (b) in amount of about 0.1-0.4 weight parts of said BOSA per one weight part of said waste, and mixing said waste with said BOSA, thereby obtaining a neutralised (scrubbed) precipitate with the fixated trace elements, wherein said neutralised (scrubbed) precipitate with the fixated trace elements constitutes said composite fixated material.

The present invention describes a method for manufacturing of a composite fixated material comprising the steps of: (a) providing bottom oil shale ash obtained after burning oil shale, said bottom oil shale (BOSA) comprises pozzolanic particles having size of about 10 to 4000 μm and being capable of adsorbing trace elements at their surface; (b) providing acidic waste comprising said trace elements; and (c) adding the BOSA provided in step (a) to the acidic waste provided in step (b) in amount of about 0.1-0.4 weight parts of said BOSA per one weight part of said waste, and mixing said waste with said BOSA, thereby obtaining a neutralised (scrubbed) precipitate with the fixated trace elements, wherein said neutralised (scrubbed) precipitate with the fixated trace elements constitutes said composite fixated material.

Embodiments of the present invention may provide encapsulation of waste (2) materials in a first (1), double (5), triple (7), or even quadruple (44) encapsulation. Encapsulation may include waste (2), ash (4), Portland cement (3), water, chemicals, or the like. Agglomerates formed perhaps with high energy mixing may be processed, cured, or the like.