Described herein are cold-sintered ceramic polymer composites and processes for making them from ceramic precursor materials and monomers and/or oligomers. The cold sintering process and wide variety of monomers permit the incorporation of diverse polymeric materials into the ceramic.

An ion conductor including: at least one oxide represented by Formulae 1 to 3

Li.sub.4±xM.sub.1−x′M′.sub.x′O.sub.4   Formula 1

wherein in Formula 1, 0≤x≤1 and 0≤x′≤1 , M is a Group 4 element,

M′ is an element of Group 2, an element of Group 3, an element of Group 5, an element of Group 12, an element of Group 13, a vacancy, or a combination thereof, with the proviso that when M is Zr, then x≠0, x′≠0 and M′ is Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Cd, Hg, Cn, Ga, In, TI, an element of Group 3, an element of Group 5, or a combination thereof;

Li.sub.4−yM″O.sub.4−yA′.sub.y   Formula 2

wherein in Formula 2, M″ is a Group 4 element, A′ includes at least one halogen, with the proviso that when M″ is Zr, y≠0,

Li.sub.4+4zM′″.sub.1−zO.sub.4   Formula 3

wherein in Formula 3, 0<z<1, and M″′ is a Group 4 element.

In example implementations, a method for extracting layers of build material into a carrier. The method includes providing a layer of build material onto a bed. Portions of the layer of build material on the bed are digitally printed with a liquid functional material (LFM). The method repeats providing the layer of build material and digitally printing without applying energy to the LFM to define a structure in layers of build material on the bed. The layers of build material are extracted into a carrier and the carrier is removed.

In example implementations, a method for extracting layers of build material into a carrier. The method includes providing a layer of build material onto a bed. Portions of the layer of build material on the bed are digitally printed with a liquid functional material (LFM). The method repeats providing the layer of build material and digitally printing without applying energy to the LFM to define a structure in layers of build material on the bed. The layers of build material are extracted into a carrier and the carrier is removed.

A member includes a base material structure and a surface layer on the base material structure. The surface layer includes a particle that includes YOF. The base material structure includes interface layers in contact with the surface layer. The interface layers of the base material structure include fluorine.

A scintillation crystal can include Ln.sub.(1-y)RE.sub.yX.sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare earth element, RE represents a different rare earth element, y has a value in a range of 0 to 1, and X represents a halogen. In an embodiment, RE is Ce, and the scintillation crystal is doped with Sr, Ba, or a mixture thereof at a concentration of at least approximately 0.0002 wt. %. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal can have unexpectedly improved linearity and unexpectedly improved energy resolution properties. In a further embodiment, a radiation detection system can include the scintillation crystal, a photosensor, and an electronics device. Such a radiation detection system can be useful in a variety of radiation imaging applications.

A scintillation crystal can include Ln.sub.(1-y)RE.sub.yX.sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare earth element, RE represents a different rare earth element, y has a value in a range of 0 to 1, and X represents a halogen. In an embodiment, RE is Ce, and the scintillation crystal is doped with Sr, Ba, or a mixture thereof at a concentration of at least approximately 0.0002 wt. %. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal can have unexpectedly improved linearity and unexpectedly improved energy resolution properties. In a further embodiment, a radiation detection system can include the scintillation crystal, a photosensor, and an electronics device. Such a radiation detection system can be useful in a variety of radiation imaging applications.

A fluoride sintered body suitable for a moderator which moderates high-energy neutrons so as to generate neutrons for medical care with which an affected part of the deep part of the body is irradiated to make a tumor extinct comprises MgF.sub.2 of a compact polycrystalline structure having a bulk density of 2.90 g/cm.sup.3 or more and as regards mechanical strengths, a bending strength of 10 MPa or more and a Vickers hardness of 71 or more.

A fluoride sintered body suitable for a moderator which moderates high-energy neutrons so as to generate neutrons for medical care with which an affected part of the deep part of the body is irradiated to make a tumor extinct comprises MgF.sub.2 of a compact polycrystalline structure having a bulk density of 2.90 g/cm.sup.3 or more and as regards mechanical strengths, a bending strength of 10 MPa or more and a Vickers hardness of 71 or more.

In example implementations, a method for extracting layers of build material into a carrier. The method includes providing a layer of build material onto a bed. Portions of the layer of build material on the bed are digitally printed with a liquid functional material (LFM). The method repeats providing the layer of build material and digitally printing without applying energy to the LFM to define a structure in layers of build material on the bed. The layers of build material are extracted into a carrier and the carrier is removed.