An aqueous modified acid composition for industrial activities, said composition comprising: an alkanolamine and strong acid in a molar ratio of not less than 1:15, preferably not less than 1:10; it can also further comprise a metal iodide or iodate. Said composition demonstrates advantages over known conventional acids and modified acids.

The present disclosure generally relates to scavenging hydrogen sulfide. The disclosure pertains to non-aqueous and non-volatile compositions that include a monolignol alcohol and hydrogen sulfide scavenging compound. The hydrogen sulfide scavenging compound may be hexamine in some aspects. The compositions may also include a C.sub.2-8 polyol. The compositions disclosed are stable and can be used, for example, in removing hydrogen sulfide from hot asphalt.

Contemplated compositions and methods for protection of concrete and various other cementitious materials comprise a step of formation of a mesoporous polymeric network within the concrete or other cementitious material, wherein the network further includes a cationic component that forms a substantially insoluble precipitate upon reaction with sulfuric acid to so form a composite barrier against further attack by sulfuric acid.

A synthetic acid composition for replacement of hydrochloric acid in industrial activities requiring large amounts of hydrochloric acid, said composition comprising: urea and hydrogen chloride in a molar ratio of not less than 0.1:1; a metal iodide or iodate; an alcohol or derivative thereof. Optionally, formic acid or a derivative thereof; propylene glycol or a derivative thereof, ethylene glycol glycerol or a mixture thereof; cinnamaldehyde or a derivative thereof; and a phosphonic acid derivative can be added to the composition.