A method of making a layered MXene material comprises a) introducing dried MAX phase powder into a vessel under anhydrous, inert conditions, the MAX phase powder comprising a general formula of M.sub.n+1AX.sub.n (n=1, 2, 3, or 4), wherein M is a transition metal or p-block metalloid selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Cu, Ni, Ag, Zn, Cd, In, Sn, and Pb; interlayer A is a Group III, IV, or V metalloid selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Pb, As, Bi, Sb, and X is one of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen); b) introducing a halogen and solvent to the dried MAX phase to create a halogen solution having a predetermined concentration; c) allowing a reaction to proceed for about 24 hours between 30-90? C. to create a reaction slurry comprising a MXene material.

The invention relates to a method of manufacturing of a watch component, comprising the steps consisting in: (10) forming a blank (200E1), particularly by injection, including at least one base surface (210) and at least one projecting portion (220) projecting from the base surface (210), (20) forming at least one coating layer (250) covering at least a part of the base surface (210) and/or over at least a part of the projecting portion (220), (30) removing by laser ablation at least a part of said at least one coating layer (250). (40) texturing by laser processing at least a part of the base surface (210) and/or at least a part of the projecting portion (220), and/or at least a part of the at least one coating layer (250).

The invention relates to a method of manufacturing of a watch component, comprising the steps consisting in: (10) forming a blank (200E1), particularly by injection, including at least one base surface (210) and at least one projecting portion (220) projecting from the base surface (210), (20) forming at least one coating layer (250) covering at least a part of the base surface (210) and/or over at least a part of the projecting portion (220), (30) removing by laser ablation at least a part of said at least one coating layer (250). (40) texturing by laser processing at least a part of the base surface (210) and/or at least a part of the projecting portion (220), and/or at least a part of the at least one coating layer (250).

Components having coating systems that include mud cracks, methods for forming the coating systems, and vehicles including the components are provided. The components include a substrate having silicon nitride and a coating system on a surface of the substrate. The coating system includes a first layer of a first coating material on the substrate, wherein the first coating material includes a rare earth silicate and has a first thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, and a second layer of a second coating material on the first layer, wherein the second coating material includes a rare earth silicate and has a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness. The second layer includes mud cracks that extend from an exterior surface thereof toward the substrate, and the mud cracks have widths in a range of about 50 to 200 micrometers.

Components having coating systems that include mud cracks, methods for forming the coating systems, and vehicles including the components are provided. The components include a substrate having silicon nitride and a coating system on a surface of the substrate. The coating system includes a first layer of a first coating material on the substrate, wherein the first coating material includes a rare earth silicate and has a first thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, and a second layer of a second coating material on the first layer, wherein the second coating material includes a rare earth silicate and has a second thickness that is greater than the first thickness. The second layer includes mud cracks that extend from an exterior surface thereof toward the substrate, and the mud cracks have widths in a range of about 50 to 200 micrometers.

A synthetic acid composition for replacement of hydrochloric acid in industrial activities requiring large amounts of hydrochloric acid, said composition comprising: urea and hydrogen chloride in a molar ratio of not less than 0.1:1; a metal iodide or iodate; an alcohol or derivative thereof. Optionally, formic acid or a derivative thereof; propylene glycol or a derivative thereof, ethylene glycol glycerol or a mixture thereof; cinnamaldehyde or a derivative thereof; and a phosphonic acid derivative can be added to the composition.

The present disclosure concerns the removal of various species from the surface of films and bilayers comprising inorganic material.