The invention relates to dispersants for inorganic particles, preferably for hydraulic binders, which comprises the following structural units: i) at least one triazine structural unit, ii) at least one polyalkylene glycol structural unit, and iii) at least two phosphoric ester structural units on at least one carbon atom of one or more aromatic triazine rings of the formulae (IIa) and/or (IIb):
N(CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OPO.sub.3H.sub.2).sub.2,(IIa)
and
NHCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OPO.sub.3H.sub.2.(IIb) The invention also relates to a process for preparing the dispersants, to building material mixtures comprising one or more dispersants and one or more inorganic binders. The invention relates to the use of the dispersants as a water reducing agent, as a means for reducing the viscosity and for enhancing the early strengths of aqueous inorganic binders, and also to the use as a grinding aid in the production of cement.

A composite binder comprises: one or more Class F fly ash materials, one or more gelation enhancers, and one or more hardening enhancers, wherein each of the one or more Class F fly ash materials comprises 15 wt. % or less calcium oxide, and wherein the composite binder is a Portland cement-free binder for concrete. Also provided are Geopolymer Composite Cellular Concretes (GCCCs) including the composite binder and methods of making these GCCCs.

A composite binder comprises: one or more Class F fly ash materials, one or more gelation enhancers, and one or more hardening enhancers, wherein each of the one or more Class F fly ash materials comprises 15 wt. % or less calcium oxide, and wherein the composite binder is a Portland cement-free binder for concrete. Also provided are Geopolymer Composite Cellular Concretes (GCCCs) including the composite binder and methods of making these GCCCs.

Construction castable material with controllable flow or slump comprising (a) a binder comprising fly ashes comprising from 1.5% to 35% by weight of CaO and a Lost on Ignition (LOI) value from 0.5% to 5.5% by weight, representing from 10% to 60% of the binder weight and ground granulated blast furnace slag comprising from 40% to 70% by weight of CaO and from 30 to 60% by weight of SiO2, representing from 40% to 90% of the binder weight, (b) an activator comprising alkaline reagents selected from the group composed by water glass, preferably in solution with 30 to 50% by weight solid content, sodium metasilicates and sodium hydroxide, (c) sand, fine and coarse aggregates and (d) organic acids or conjugated salts of organic acids in a dosage from 0.001% to 3% by weight with respect to the binder.

Construction castable material with controllable flow or slump comprising (a) a binder comprising fly ashes comprising from 1.5% to 35% by weight of CaO and a Lost on Ignition (LOI) value from 0.5% to 5.5% by weight, representing from 10% to 60% of the binder weight and ground granulated blast furnace slag comprising from 40% to 70% by weight of CaO and from 30 to 60% by weight of SiO2, representing from 40% to 90% of the binder weight, (b) an activator comprising alkaline reagents selected from the group composed by water glass, preferably in solution with 30 to 50% by weight solid content, sodium metasilicates and sodium hydroxide, (c) sand, fine and coarse aggregates and (d) organic acids or conjugated salts of organic acids in a dosage from 0.001% to 3% by weight with respect to the binder.

Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Methods for producing a blended pozzolan having one or more characteristics, such as one or more chemical and/or physical characteristic, in an established amount or range from two or more different pozzolans. Two or more pozzolans having different chemical and/or physical characteristics can be blended together and a chemical analyzer used to determine a chemical and/or physical characteristic of the blended pozzolan. Upon determining that the chemical and/or physical characteristic of the blended pozzolan is outside the established amount or range, modifying a blending ratio of the two or more pozzolans to restore the chemical and/or physical characteristic to the established amount or range.

Methods for producing a blended pozzolan having one or more characteristics, such as one or more chemical and/or physical characteristic, in an established amount or range from two or more different pozzolans. Two or more pozzolans having different chemical and/or physical characteristics can be blended together and a chemical analyzer used to determine a chemical and/or physical characteristic of the blended pozzolan. Upon determining that the chemical and/or physical characteristic of the blended pozzolan is outside the established amount or range, modifying a blending ratio of the two or more pozzolans to restore the chemical and/or physical characteristic to the established amount or range.

A method of cementing a subterranean formation includes forming a cement composition comprising cementitious material, an aqueous base fluid, a nano-reinforcement particle suspension comprising a surfactant; and pozzolanic material; introducing the cement composition into a subterranean formation; and allowing the cement composition to set in the subterranean formation. A method of making a cement composition includes combining cementitious material, an aqueous base fluid, a nano-reinforcement particle suspension comprising a surfactant, and a pozzolanic material, where the rate of hydration of the surfaces of the cementitious material is less retarded by the surfactant than an equivalent cement composition without pozzolanic material.