There is provided a plasma-resistant member, including: a base material; and a layer structural component formed by aerosol deposition at a surface of the base material, the layer structural component being plasma-resistant and including an yttria polycrystalline body, the yttria polycrystalline body included in the layer structural component having a crystal structure in which cubic and monoclinic coexist, a proportion of monoclinic to cubic inside the yttria polycrystalline body included in the layer structural component being not less than 0% and not more than 60%, a crystallite size of the yttria polycrystalline body included in the layer structural component being not less than 8 nm and not more than 50 nm.

An article that includes a substrate; a first layer including yttria and zirconia or hafnia, where the first layer has a columnar microstructure and includes predominately the zirconia or hafnia; a second layer on the first layer, the second layer including zirconia or hafnia, ytterbia, samaria, and at least one of lutetia, scandia, ceria, neodymia, europia, and gadolinia, where the second layer includes predominately zirconia or hafnia, and where the second layer has a columnar microstructure; and a third layer on the second layer, the third layer including zirconia or hafnia, ytterbia, samaria, and a rare earth oxide including at least one of lutetia, scandia, ceria, neodymia, europia, and gadolinia, where the third layer has a dense microstructure and has a lower porosity than the second layer.

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for sintering sand. An object of the invention consists in using energy-saving sintering to make it possible to use round-grain sand with evenly distributed grain fractions as a building material, and particularly as an aggregate.

The object is achieved by providing a focusing device (3) for thermal energy-rich radiation (2) for generating at least one focal point (5) on the surface of a bulk sand (10) and a positioning device (6) for continuous relative movement between the focal point (5) and the sand (10).

The object is further achieved by using desert sand as an aggregate for a construction element (12), characterized in that grain agglomerates (11) of desert sand (10) obtained by sintering are introduced as an aggregate into a matrix material (13).

Provided is a panel, in particular a floor panel, suitable for forming a floor covering. The panel has a substantially planar top side, a substantially planar bottom side, at least four substantially linear side edges each including at least one pair of opposite side edges, preferably provided with locking means.

Provided are a coated member in which damage of a coating film can be suppressed in a high temperature environment and the coating may be performed at low cost, and a method of manufacturing the same. A coated member includes a bond coat and a top coat sequentially laminated on a substrate made of a Si-based ceramic or a SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite, wherein the top coat includes a layer composed of a mixed phase of a (Y.sub.1-aLn.sub.1a).sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.7 solid solution (here, Ln.sub.1 is any one of Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd) and Y.sub.2SiO.sub.5 or a (Y.sub.1-bLn.sub.1b).sub.2SiO.sub.5 solid solution (here, Ln.sub.1 is any one of Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd), or a mixed phase of a (Y.sub.1-cLn.sub.2c).sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.7 solid solution (here, Ln.sub.2 is any one of Sc, Yb, and Lu) and Y.sub.2SiO.sub.5 or a (Y.sub.1-dLn.sub.2d).sub.2SiO.sub.5 solid solution (here, Ln.sub.2 is any one of Sc, Yb, and Lu).

There is provided a plasma-resistant member, including: a base material; and a layer structural component formed by aerosol deposition at a surface of the base material, the layer structural component being plasma-resistant and including an yttria polycrystalline body, the yttria polycrystalline body included in the layer structural component having a crystal structure in which cubic and monoclinic coexist, a proportion of monoclinic to cubic inside the yttria polycrystalline body included in the layer structural component being not less than 0% and not more than 60%, a crystallite size of the yttria polycrystalline body included in the layer structural component being not less than 8 nm and not more than 50 nm.

A cutting tool including a substrate composed of a silicon nitride-based sintered body and a coating layer. The coating layer includes first, second, third and fourth layers. The first layer is located on the surface of the substrate and is composed of TiN having an average crystalline width of 0.1 to 0.4 m. The second layer is located on the first layer and composed of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 having an average crystalline width of 0.01 to 1.5 m. The third layer is located on the second layer and is composed of TiN having an average crystalline width of 0.01 to 0.1 m which is smaller than that of the first layer. The fourth layer is located on the third layer and is composed of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 having an average crystalline width of 0.01 to 1.5 m.

A radiator includes a heat radiation ceramic material. The heat radiation ceramic material includes a first metal oxide as a principal component, the first metal oxide being a metal oxide having a wurtzite crystal structure; and a second metal oxide as a metal oxide having an average emissivity higher than or equal to 70% in a wavelength range of 3 m to 25 m inclusive. At least one of a trivalent metal-doped metal oxide where some metal atoms of the first metal oxide are substituted with trivalent metal atoms and a monovalent metal-doped metal oxide where some metal atoms of the first metal oxide are substituted with monovalent metal atoms is included as the second metal oxide.

Geopolymer compositions incorporating slag or other alumino-silicate and calcium containing binder components are described. The geopolymer compositions incorporate C-(N)-A-S-H/C-A-S-H gels providing improved adhesion strength and resistance to chemical attack. Methods of methods of making and using the geopolymers are further described, with the embodied geopolymers being compatible with multiple conventional application processes, including pouring, spraying, screeding, and troweling.

A refractory lining in a combustion chamber operating in a reducing atmosphere. The lining includes at least one or more Zirconia (Zr)-based refractory lining members comprising one or more Zr-based parts. The Zr-based parts comprise at least 90 wt. %, preferably at least 95 wt. %, of monoclinic ZrO.sub.2 and/or partially stabilized ZrO.sub.2 and/or fully stabilized ZrO.sub.2, wherein the total content of tetragonal and cubic ZrO.sub.2 amounts to at least 20 wt. %, preferably more than 35 wt. %, as well as Zr based refractory lining members and methods for manufacturing the Zr based refractory lining members.