A cold fusion concrete formulation including a mixture of water, silicon based mineral aggregates acting as a filler material; sodium or potassium metasilicate/pentahydrate acting as an activator; waste from steel production including Granulated Ground Blast Slag acting as a cementitious ingredient; high calcium or low calcium waste from coal combustion (fly ash or bottom ash) acting as a cementitious ingredient; sodium tetraborate, sodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid, or boric acid acting as set-time retarders; strengthening agents including calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, or aluminium hydroxides; attapulgite, kaolin, red, or other fine grained, high alumino silicate containing clay, for increasing the silicon and alumino-silicate concentration and associated strength; a protein or synthetic protein material to form a weak covalent bond with the hydroxides and silicates, for the purpose of maintaining a consistent volume during the curing process; and a pollinated fern oil to reduce water content of the mixture and decrease viscosity.

A copolymer includes a main hydrocarbon chain and side groups including carboxylic groups and polyoxyalkylate groups. The copolymer further includes gem-bisphosphonate groups. The copolymer can be included in an admixture for suspensions of mineral particles and in a composition of mineral particles. The copolymer can also be used for fluidifying and maintaining fluid, suspensions of mineral particles and for reducing the sensitivity of hydraulic compositions to clays and alkaline sulfates.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that the addition of a natural or other pozzolan to non-spec fly ash significantly improves the properties of the non-spec fly ash to the extent it can be certified under ASTM C618 and AASHTO 295, as either a Class F or Class C fly ash. The natural pozzolan may be a volcanic ejecta, such as pumice or perlite. Other pozzolans may also be used for this beneficiation process. Many pozzolans are experimentally tested and may be used to beneficiate non-spec fly ash into certifiable Class F fly ash. Additionally, this disclosure provides a method of converting a Class C fly ash to a more valuable Class F fly ash. This discovery will extend diminishing Class F fly ash supplies and turn non-spec fly ash waste streams into valuable, certified fly ash pozzolan which will protect and enhance concrete, mortars and grouts.

Some embodiments of the present invention comprise a method of cementing comprising: placing a settable composition into a well bore, the settable composition comprising RFA, hydraulic cement, and water; and allowing the settable composition to set. Other embodiments comprise a method of cementing comprising: placing a settable composition into a well bore, the settable composition comprising RFA, calcium hydroxide (lime), and water; and allowing the settable composition to set. Other embodiments comprise a settable composition comprising: RFA, hydraulic cement, calcium hydroxide, natural pozzolan and water; and allowing the composition to set. Other embodiments comprise a settable composition comprising RFA and any combination of hydraulic cement, calcium hydroxide, slag, fly ash, and natural or other pozzolan.

The present disclosure relates to concrete compositions including calcium aluminate cement, Portland cement, gypsum, and slag, to mortar mixtures including such compositions, to methods for lining a concrete surface with such mixtures, and to liners formed thereby.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that the addition of a natural or other pozzolan to non-spec fly ash significantly improves the properties of the non-spec fly ash to the extent it can be certified under ASTM C618 and AASHTO 295, as either a Class F or Class C fly ash. The natural pozzolan may be a volcanic ejecta, such as pumice or perlite. Other pozzolans may also be used for this beneficiation process. Many pozzolans are experimentally tested and may be used to beneficiate non-spec fly ash into certifiable Class F fly ash. Additionally, this disclosure provides a method of converting a Class C fly ash to a more valuable Class F fly ash. This discovery will extend diminishing Class F fly ash supplies and turn non-spec fly ash waste streams into valuable, certified fly ash pozzolan which will protect and enhance concrete, mortars and grouts.

A blended cementitious mixture is disclosed, the blended cementitious mixture comprising: a cement included in an amount corresponding to greater than 3% and less than 40% by mass of powders in the cementitious mixture; supplemental cementitious materials included in an amount corresponding to greater than 50% and less than 90% by mass of powders in the cementitious mixture and a carbonate source included in an amount less than or equal to 20% by mass of powders in the cementitious mixture. The cementitious mixture can be mixed with concrete sand, water, chemical admixtures and coarse aggregates and cured to form concrete.

A cold fusion concrete formulation including a mixture of water, silicon based mineral aggregates acting as a filler material; sodium or potassium metasilicate/pentahydrate acting as an activator; waste from steel production including Granulated Ground Blast Slag acting as a cementitious ingredient; high calcium or low calcium waste from coal combustion (fly ash or bottom ash) acting as a cementitious ingredient; sodium tetraborate, sodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid, or boric acid acting as set-time retarders; strengthening agents including including calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, or aluminium hydroxides; attapulgite, kaolin, red, or other fine grained, high alumino silicate containing clay, for increasing the silicon and alumino-silicate concentration and associated strength; a protein or synthetic protein material to form a weak covalent bond with the hydroxides and silicates, for the purpose of maintaining a consistent volume during the curing process; and a pollinated fern oil to reduce water content of the mixture and decrease viscosity.

A bonding element, a bonding element matrix and composite materials with a wide range of attractive properties that may be optimized, including, but not limited to, mechanical properties, thermal properties, magnetic properties, optical properties and nuclear properties, as a result of a first layer and second layer structure or core, first layer, and second layer structure of the bonding elements, as well as methods for making the bonding elements and the corresponding ceramic and/or composite materials.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that the addition of a natural or other pozzolan to non-spec fly ash significantly improves the properties of the non-spec fly ash to the extent it can be certified under ASTM C618 and AASHTO 295, as either a Class F or Class C fly ash. The natural pozzolan may be a volcanic ejecta, such as pumice or perlite. Other pozzolans may also be used for this beneficiation process. Many pozzolans are experimentally tested and may be used to beneficiate non-spec fly ash into certifiable Class F fly ash. Additionally, this disclosure provides a method of converting a Class C fly ash to a more valuable Class F fly ash. This discovery will extend diminishing Class F fly ash supplies and turn non-spec fly ash waste streams into valuable, certified fly ash pozzolan which will protect and enhance concrete, mortars and grouts.