One variation of a diamond composition includes carbon: including a first amount of carbon-13 isotopes and a second amount of carbon-12 isotopes; and sourced from a hydrocarbon mixture including hydrocarbons and formed via methanation of a carbon dioxide mixture. The carbon dioxide mixture: sourced from a sample of air including carbon dioxide and impurities; conveyed through a separation unit configured to remove impurities; including carbon dioxide and impurities; conveyed through a distillation column configured to regulate amounts of carbon-13 isotopes and carbon-12 isotopes; and exhibiting a target ratio of carbon-13 isotopes to carbon-12 isotopes at an outlet of the distillation column. The diamond composition: formed via chemical vapor deposition; and exhibiting an isotopic signature defining a final ratio of the first amount of carbon-13 isotopes to the second amount of carbon-12 isotopes within a first target range corresponding to the target ratio exhibited by the carbon dioxide mixture.

The present development is a process to produce commodity chemicals such as methanol and syngas using an integrated plasma catalysis technology. The method comprises providing a fixed or fluidized bed reactor having a microwave plasma flame and a catalyst bed with a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is an alloyed bimetallic nanowire. In the process, the plasma flame fluidizes the catalyst thereby producing a more effective catalyst than the non-fluidized catalyst. It is anticipated that the reactor can have a throughput capacity of up to 30 Lpm/kW and can be effective for the conversion of CO.sub.2, CH.sub.4, air, water, and combinations thereof, through reactions such as pure CO.sub.2 splitting, reverse water gas shift (RWGS) for CO production, methanol synthesis, and plasma reforming of methane, thereby making a system that would be attractive for small GTL units.

The present development is a process to produce commodity chemicals such as methanol and syngas using an integrated plasma catalysis technology. The method comprises providing a fixed or fluidized bed reactor having a microwave plasma flame and a catalyst bed with a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is an alloyed bimetallic nanowire. In the process, the plasma flame fluidizes the catalyst thereby producing a more effective catalyst than the non-fluidized catalyst. It is anticipated that the reactor can have a throughput capacity of up to 30 Lpm/kW and can be effective for the conversion of CO.sub.2, CH.sub.4, air, water, and combinations thereof, through reactions such as pure CO.sub.2 splitting, reverse water gas shift (RWGS) for CO production, methanol synthesis, and plasma reforming of methane, thereby making a system that would be attractive for small GTL units.

The present invention concerns a multifunctional catalyst for the conversion of CO.sub.2 into useful products, such as CO via the reverse water gas shift reaction. The catalyst according to the invention efficiently combined a water sorption functionality with at least one catalytic functionality into a single particle, by having a solid water sorbent impregnated with at least one metal capable of converting CO.sub.2 from a gaseous mixture comprising H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2. The catalyst according to the invention allows for higher selectivity in the conversion of CO.sub.2, at more lenient conditions in terms of temperature and pressure, and improved stability of the catalyst itself. The invention also concerns a process for converting CO.sub.2, utilizing the catalyst and the use of the catalyst in the conversion of CO.sub.2.

The present invention concerns a multifunctional catalyst for the conversion of CO.sub.2 into useful products, such as CO via the reverse water gas shift reaction. The catalyst according to the invention efficiently combined a water sorption functionality with at least one catalytic functionality into a single particle, by having a solid water sorbent impregnated with at least one metal capable of converting CO.sub.2 from a gaseous mixture comprising H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2. The catalyst according to the invention allows for higher selectivity in the conversion of CO.sub.2, at more lenient conditions in terms of temperature and pressure, and improved stability of the catalyst itself. The invention also concerns a process for converting CO.sub.2, utilizing the catalyst and the use of the catalyst in the conversion of CO.sub.2.

An apparatus for forming methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen is described. The apparatus comprises: a dielectric barrier discharge, DBD, device arranged to generate a plasma; and a passageway having an inlet for the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen and an outlet for the methane and including therein a catalyst comprising nickel and alumina. The passageway extends, at least in part, through the DBD device wherein, in use, the carbon dioxide is exposed to the catalyst in the presence of the hydrogen in the generated plasma, thereby forming the methane from at least some of the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen. A method, a use and a catalyst are also described.

An apparatus for forming methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen is described. The apparatus comprises: a dielectric barrier discharge, DBD, device arranged to generate a plasma; and a passageway having an inlet for the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen and an outlet for the methane and including therein a catalyst comprising nickel and alumina. The passageway extends, at least in part, through the DBD device wherein, in use, the carbon dioxide is exposed to the catalyst in the presence of the hydrogen in the generated plasma, thereby forming the methane from at least some of the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen. A method, a use and a catalyst are also described.

A process for preparing C2 to C3 hydrocarbons may include introducing a feed stream including hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas comprising carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor, and converting the feed stream into a product stream comprising C2 to C3 hydrocarbons in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst may include a metal oxide catalyst component and a microporous catalyst component comprising 8-MR pore openings less than or equal to 5.1 A and a cage defining ring size less than or equal to 7.45 A, where a C2/C3 carbon molar ratio of the product stream is greater than or equal to 0.7.

A process for preparing C2 to C3 hydrocarbons may include introducing a feed stream including hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas comprising carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor, and converting the feed stream into a product stream comprising C2 to C3 hydrocarbons in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst may include a metal oxide catalyst component and a microporous catalyst component comprising 8-MR pore openings less than or equal to 5.1 A and a cage defining ring size less than or equal to 7.45 A, where a C2/C3 carbon molar ratio of the product stream is greater than or equal to 0.7.

A CO.sub.2 separation/recover method in cement production exhaust gas has a step of harmful component removal that removes an acidic component and a harmful component from exhaust gas discharged from a cement production facility; and a step of CO.sub.2 separation and recover that separates and recovers CO.sub.2 by bringing the exhaust gas from which the acidic component and the harmful component are removed into contact with a CO.sub.2 absorption material, so that the acidic component and the harmful component are removed before separating and recovering CO.sub.2, resulting in deterioration of the absorbing ability of the CO.sub.2 absorption material being suppressed; and the cement production exhaust gas can be appropriately disposed.