A method of producing a fuel additive includes passing a feed stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit producing a first process stream; passing the first process stream through a selective hydrogenation unit producing a second process stream; passing the second process stream through an isomerization unit producing a third process stream; and passing the third process stream through a hydration unit producing the fuel additive and a recycle stream.

Processes for producing olefins include passing a hydrocarbon feed to a hydrocarbon cracking unit that cracks the hydrocarbon feed to produce a cracker effluent, passing the cracker effluent to a cracker effluent separation system that separates the cracker effluent to produce at least a cracking C4 effluent including 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, and isobutene, passing the cracking C4 effluent to an SHIU that contacts the cracking C4 effluent with hydrogen in the presence of a selective hydrogenation catalyst to produce a hydrogenation effluent having a 2-butenes concentration greater than or equal to the sum of the concentrations of 1-butene and isobutene. The processes include passing the hydrogenation effluent to a metathesis unit that contacts the hydrogenation effluent with a metathesis catalyst and a cracking catalyst downstream of the metathesis catalyst to produce a metathesis reaction effluent comprising at least propene.

Processes for producing olefins include passing a hydrocarbon feed to a hydrocarbon cracking unit that cracks the hydrocarbon feed to produce a cracker effluent, passing the cracker effluent to a cracker effluent separation system that separates the cracker effluent to produce at least a cracking C4 effluent including 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, and isobutene, passing the cracking C4 effluent to an SHIU that contacts the cracking C4 effluent with hydrogen in the presence of a selective hydrogenation catalyst to produce a hydrogenation effluent having a 2-butenes concentration greater than or equal to the sum of the concentrations of 1-butene and isobutene. The processes include passing the hydrogenation effluent to a metathesis unit that contacts the hydrogenation effluent with a metathesis catalyst and a cracking catalyst downstream of the metathesis catalyst to produce a metathesis reaction effluent comprising at least propene.

A process is disclosed for producing renewable products, such as a renewable base oil, from a feedstock of biological origin. The process includes subjecting a feedstock containing free fatty acids and fatty acid glycerides, wherein at least one hydrocarbon chain is unsaturated, to esterification reaction in the presence of an alcohol. An ester stream thereby obtained is then subjected to metathesis conditions in the presence of a renewable alkene to obtain a metathesis product. Separation of the metathesis product includes recovery of a fraction containing or consisting essentially of C16 fatty acid esters, which is subjected to ketonisation reaction conditions to produce long chain ketones, which after hydrotreatment meet requirements for a renewable base oil. Ketonisation reaction produces renewable alkene usable in metathesis reaction.

A process is disclosed for producing renewable products, such as a renewable base oil, from a feedstock of biological origin. The process includes subjecting a feedstock containing free fatty acids and fatty acid glycerides, wherein at least one hydrocarbon chain is unsaturated, to esterification reaction in the presence of an alcohol. An ester stream thereby obtained is then subjected to metathesis conditions in the presence of a renewable alkene to obtain a metathesis product. Separation of the metathesis product includes recovery of a fraction containing or consisting essentially of C16 fatty acid esters, which is subjected to ketonisation reaction conditions to produce long chain ketones, which after hydrotreatment meet requirements for a renewable base oil. Ketonisation reaction produces renewable alkene usable in metathesis reaction.

A process is disclosed for producing renewable products, such as a renewable base oil, from a feedstock of biological origin. The process includes subjecting a feedstock containing free fatty acids and fatty acid glycerides, wherein at least one hydrocarbon chain is unsaturated, to esterification reaction in the presence of an alcohol. An ester stream thereby obtained is then subjected to metathesis conditions in the presence of a renewable alkene to obtain a metathesis product. Separation of the metathesis product includes recovery of a fraction containing or consisting essentially of C16 fatty acid esters, which is subjected to ketonisation reaction conditions to produce long chain ketones, which after hydrotreatment meet requirements for a renewable base oil. Ketonisation reaction produces renewable alkene usable in metathesis reaction.

Wax compositions may be obtained by providing an olefinic feed comprising a first linear alpha olefin having m carbon atoms and a second linear alpha olefin having n carbon atoms, wherein m and n are independently selected integers each ranging from about 12 to about 100, and the olefinic feed optionally comprises one or more internal olefins and/or one or more branched olefins; contacting the olefinic feed with a metal carbene catalyst in a reactor; forming ethylene and a hydrocarbon substance comprising a linear olefin dimer comprising two carbon atoms less than a sum of m and n; removing the ethylene from the reactor while forming the linear olefin dimer; and isolating a wax composition comprising the linear olefin dimer, a hydrogenated reaction product thereof, or any combination thereof.

Wax compositions may be obtained by providing an olefinic feed comprising a first linear alpha olefin having m carbon atoms and a second linear alpha olefin having n carbon atoms, wherein m and n are independently selected integers each ranging from about 12 to about 100, and the olefinic feed optionally comprises one or more internal olefins and/or one or more branched olefins; contacting the olefinic feed with a metal carbene catalyst in a reactor; forming ethylene and a hydrocarbon substance comprising a linear olefin dimer comprising two carbon atoms less than a sum of m and n; removing the ethylene from the reactor while forming the linear olefin dimer; and isolating a wax composition comprising the linear olefin dimer, a hydrogenated reaction product thereof, or any combination thereof.

Wax compositions may be obtained by providing an olefinic feed comprising a first linear alpha olefin having m carbon atoms and a second linear alpha olefin having n carbon atoms, wherein m and n are independently selected integers each ranging from about 12 to about 100, and the olefinic feed optionally comprises one or more internal olefins and/or one or more branched olefins; contacting the olefinic feed with a metal carbene catalyst in a reactor; forming ethylene and a hydrocarbon substance comprising a linear olefin dimer comprising two carbon atoms less than a sum of m and n; removing the ethylene from the reactor while forming the linear olefin dimer; and isolating a wax composition comprising the linear olefin dimer, a hydrogenated reaction product thereof, or any combination thereof.

The present invention relates to a novel ligand for forming a ruthenium complex, a ruthenium complex catalyst, a production method therefor and a use thereof. The ligand for forming a ruthenium complex and the ruthenium complex catalyst, according to the present invention, exhibit high catalytic activity, high selectivity, and stability.