The present disclosure relates to reagents and method for performing trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation of aromatic or heteroaromatic rings in a redox-neutral manner without any catalyst which are enabled by light. In addition, there are methods for synthesizing the starting reagents used in the trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation reactions.

The present disclosure relates to reagents and method for performing trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation of aromatic or heteroaromatic rings in a redox-neutral manner without any catalyst which are enabled by light. In addition, there are methods for synthesizing the starting reagents used in the trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation reactions.

A diamondoid fuel comprising a cage structure including 10, 14, 18, or 22 carbons. The diamondoid fuel also includes one of one to four cyclopropyl groups bonded to the cage structure or two to four functional groups bonded to the cage structure where the functional groups are an alkyl group, an allyl group, a cyclopropyl group, or combinations thereof. Additionally, at least one functional group is an allyl group and at least one functional group is a cyclopropyl group.

A diamondoid fuel comprising a cage structure including 10, 14, 18, or 22 carbons. The diamondoid fuel also includes one of one to four cyclopropyl groups bonded to the cage structure or two to four functional groups bonded to the cage structure where the functional groups are an alkyl group, an allyl group, a cyclopropyl group, or combinations thereof. Additionally, at least one functional group is an allyl group and at least one functional group is a cyclopropyl group.

Provided is a method for producing (alkyl)arene compounds represented by Formulae 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 by the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of alkyl halide compounds and arene compounds using organic phosphine compounds as a catalyst.

##STR00001##

Provided is a method for producing (alkyl)arene compounds represented by Formulae 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 by the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of alkyl halide compounds and arene compounds using organic phosphine compounds as a catalyst.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1).

##STR00001##

R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification.
The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1).

##STR00001##

R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification.
The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1).

##STR00001##

R.sub.12, m, and X are described in the specification.
The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complex, and its use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1) or a palladium(II) complex of formula (2). ##STR00001## R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.18, R.sub.19, R.sub.20, R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23 and R.sub.24, m, E and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complexes, and their use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.