The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1) or a palladium(II) complex of formula (2). ##STR00001##
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.18, R.sub.19, R.sub.20, R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23 and R.sub.24, m, E and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complexes, and their use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present disclosure relates to reagents and method for performing trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation of aromatic or heteroaromatic rings in a redox-neutral manner without any catalyst which are enabled by light. In addition, there are methods for synthesizing the starting reagents used in the trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation reactions.

The present disclosure relates to reagents and method for performing trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation of aromatic or heteroaromatic rings in a redox-neutral manner without any catalyst which are enabled by light. In addition, there are methods for synthesizing the starting reagents used in the trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation or alkylation reactions.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated, fluoro alkylated, chloro alkylated and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Co-catalysed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides, fluoro alkyl halides, chloro alkyl halides or fluorochloro alkyl halides respectively.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated, fluoro alkylated, chloro alkylated and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Co-catalysed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides, fluoro alkyl halides, chloro alkyl halides or fluorochloro alkyl halides respectively.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated, fluoro alkylated, chloro alkylated and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Co-catalysed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides, fluoro alkyl halides, chloro alkyl halides or fluorochloro alkyl halides respectively.

There is provided a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound that is excellent in heat stability and is industrially useful, and a method for producing the same. There are used a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound represented by general formula (1); ##STR00001## and a method for producing a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound, comprising the step of reacting in the presence of a catalyst (such as palladium) a bishalobenzene derivative represented by general formula (3) ##STR00002## and a compound obtained by reacting 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, a zinc halide, and an organolithium compound and represented by general formula (4), ##STR00003## to thereby obtain a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound represented by general formula (1).

There is provided a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound that is excellent in heat stability and is industrially useful, and a method for producing the same. There are used a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound represented by general formula (1); ##STR00001## and a method for producing a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound, comprising the step of reacting in the presence of a catalyst (such as palladium) a bishalobenzene derivative represented by general formula (3) ##STR00002## and a compound obtained by reacting 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, a zinc halide, and an organolithium compound and represented by general formula (4), ##STR00003## to thereby obtain a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound represented by general formula (1).

There is provided a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound that is excellent in heat stability and is industrially useful, and a method for producing the same. There are used a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound represented by general formula (1); ##STR00001## and a method for producing a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound, comprising the step of reacting in the presence of a catalyst (such as palladium) a bishalobenzene derivative represented by general formula (3) ##STR00002## and a compound obtained by reacting 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, a zinc halide, and an organolithium compound and represented by general formula (4), ##STR00003## to thereby obtain a substituted bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene compound represented by general formula (1).

This method for producing a fullerene derivative is a method for producing a fullerene derivative having a partial structure shown by formula (1) by reacting a predetermined halogenated compound and two carbon atoms adjacent to each other for forming a fullerene skeleton in a mixed solvent of an aromatic solvent and an aprotic polar solvent having a CO or SO bond in the presence of at least one metal selected from the group comprising manganese, iron, and zinc;

##STR00001##

(in formula (1), C* are each carbon atoms adjacent to each other for forming a fullerene skeleton, A is a linking group having 1-4 carbon atoms for forming a ring structure with two C*, in which a portion thereof may be a substituted or condensed group).