The production of 2-propylheptanol described here is effected via Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of C.sub.4-olefin to afford C.sub.5-aldehyde, aldol condensation to afford the C.sub.10-aldehyde and hydrogenation to afford the C.sub.10-alcohol. The emphasis is on the hydroformylation and the ligand employed therein. The problem addressed by the invention is that of reducing the costs of 2PH production. This problem is solved when a cheaper catalyst system which simultaneously achieves a better regioselectivity is employed in the hydroformylation. This catalyst system contains rhodium as the central atom and is complexed with the ligand (1): ##STR00001##

The production of 2-propylheptanol described here is effected via Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of C.sub.4-olefin to afford C.sub.5-aldehyde, aldol condensation to afford the C.sub.10-aldehyde and hydrogenation to afford the C.sub.10-alcohol. The emphasis is on the hydroformylation and the ligand employed therein. The problem addressed by the invention is that of reducing the costs of 2PH production. This problem is solved when a cheaper catalyst system which simultaneously achieves a better regioselectivity is employed in the hydroformylation. This catalyst system contains rhodium as the central atom and is complexed with the ligand (1): ##STR00001##

A process for the hydrogenation of a substrate comprising a carbon heteroatom double bond in the presence of a transition metal complex comprising a tridentate or bisdentate-ligand containing a nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus atom, of which at least the N- and P- and optionally also the S-atom coordinates with the transition metal.

A process for the hydrogenation of a substrate comprising a carbon heteroatom double bond in the presence of a transition metal complex comprising a tridentate or bisdentate-ligand containing a nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus atom, of which at least the N- and P- and optionally also the S-atom coordinates with the transition metal.

A method for the reduction organic molecules comprising a Ruthenium-Triphosphine complex with aromatic ligands at the phosphors which are ortho or meta substituted.

A method for the reduction organic molecules comprising a Ruthenium-Triphosphine complex with aromatic ligands at the phosphors which are ortho or meta substituted.

The production of 2-propylheptanol described here is effected via Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of C.sub.4-olefin to afford C.sub.5-aldehyde, aldol condensation to afford the C.sub.10-aldehyde and hydrogenation to afford the C.sub.10-alcohol. The emphasis is on the hydroformylation and the ligand employed therein. The problem addressed by the invention is that of reducing the costs of 2PH production. This problem is solved when a cheaper catalyst system which simultaneously achieves a better regioselectivity is employed in the hydroformylation. This catalyst system contains rhodium as the central atom and is complexed with the ligand (1):

##STR00001##

The production of 2-propylheptanol described here is effected via Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of C.sub.4-olefin to afford C.sub.5-aldehyde, aldol condensation to afford the C.sub.10-aldehyde and hydrogenation to afford the C.sub.10-alcohol. The emphasis is on the hydroformylation and the ligand employed therein. The problem addressed by the invention is that of reducing the costs of 2PH production. This problem is solved when a cheaper catalyst system which simultaneously achieves a better regioselectivity is employed in the hydroformylation. This catalyst system contains rhodium as the central atom and is complexed with the ligand (1):

##STR00001##

An oxygenated hydrocarbon production system for producing an oxygenated hydrocarbon selected from tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol, and gamma butyrolactone using maleic anhydride. The oxygenated hydrocarbon production system first converts maleic anhydride to a monoester, then converts the monoester to a diester, passes the diester through an anion exchange resin to remove acid-containing species such as the monoester, then hydrogenates the diester to the oxygenated hydrocarbon. The anion exchange resin may be regenerated using a regeneration subsystem which contains a regeneration solution containing a strong base. The system is used in a method of producing an oxygenated hydrocarbon from maleic anhydride.

A hydrogenation catalyst includes copper oxide, an alkali metal, and an acid-stabilized silica, wherein hydrogenation catalyst has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of greater than or equal to about 15 m2/g. The hydrogenation catalysts are effective for converting aldehydes, ketones, and esters to alcohols and/or diesters to diols.