A method for manufacturing isopulegol includes the step of diastereoselective ring-closing a citronellal using an aluminum compound of formula (1) below. In formula (1), X represents a halogen atom, Y represents a halogen atom or a hydrogen atom, and R.sub.1 represents a phenyl group or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 12 carbons.

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A method for manufacturing isopulegol includes the step of diastereoselective ring-closing a citronellal using an aluminum compound of formula (1) below. In formula (1), X represents a halogen atom, Y represents a halogen atom or a hydrogen atom, and R.sub.1 represents a phenyl group or a cycloalkyl group of 5 to 12 carbons.

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A method may include reacting at least a naphtha range alkane with oxygen and to produce oxygenate products; reacting at least a portion of the oxygenate products to produce condensed products; and reacting at least a portion of the condensed products with at least hydrogen to produce a distillate range product.

A method may include reacting at least a naphtha range alkane with oxygen and to produce oxygenate products; reacting at least a portion of the oxygenate products to produce condensed products; and reacting at least a portion of the condensed products with at least hydrogen to produce a distillate range product.

The present invention relates to a process for recovering 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol from a feed stream F1 comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, one or more solvents, water, and isobutene, wherein 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, the one or more solvents and water are separated from isobutene by distillation, the process comprising subjecting the feed stream F1 to distillation conditions in a distillation unit, obtaining a bottoms stream B1 which is enriched in -methylbut-3-en-1-ol, in the one or more solvents and in water compared to the feed stream F1 subject The present invention relates to a process for recovering 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol from a feed stream F1 comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, one or more solvents, water, and isobutene, wherein 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, the one or more solvents and water are separated from isobutene by distillation, the process comprising subjecting the feed stream F1 to distillation conditions in a distillation unit, obtaining a bottoms stream B1 which is enriched in -methylbut-3-en-1-ol, in the one or more solvents and in water compared to the feed stream F1 subjected to distillation conditions, and a top stream T1 which is enriched in isobutene, further subjecting the bottoms stream B1 to distillation conditions in a second distillation unit and obtaining a bottoms stream B2 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B1 and a top stream T2 which is enriched in water compared to the bottoms stream B1, further subjecting the bottoms stream B2 to distillation conditions in a third distillation unit and obtaining a top stream T3 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B2 and a bottoms stream B3. ted to distillation conditions, and a top stream T1 which is enriched in isobutene, further subjecting the bottoms stream B1 to distillation conditions in a second distillation unit and obtaining a bottoms stream B2 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B1 and a top stream T2 which is enriched in water compared to the bottoms stream B1, further subjecting the bottoms stream B2 to distillation conditions in a third distillation unit and obtaining a top stream T3 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B2 and a bottoms stream B3.

The present invention relates to a process for recovering 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol from a feed stream F1 comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, one or more solvents, water, and isobutene, wherein 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, the one or more solvents and water are separated from isobutene by distillation, the process comprising subjecting the feed stream F1 to distillation conditions in a distillation unit, obtaining a bottoms stream B1 which is enriched in -methylbut-3-en-1-ol, in the one or more solvents and in water compared to the feed stream F1 subject The present invention relates to a process for recovering 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol from a feed stream F1 comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, one or more solvents, water, and isobutene, wherein 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, the one or more solvents and water are separated from isobutene by distillation, the process comprising subjecting the feed stream F1 to distillation conditions in a distillation unit, obtaining a bottoms stream B1 which is enriched in -methylbut-3-en-1-ol, in the one or more solvents and in water compared to the feed stream F1 subjected to distillation conditions, and a top stream T1 which is enriched in isobutene, further subjecting the bottoms stream B1 to distillation conditions in a second distillation unit and obtaining a bottoms stream B2 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B1 and a top stream T2 which is enriched in water compared to the bottoms stream B1, further subjecting the bottoms stream B2 to distillation conditions in a third distillation unit and obtaining a top stream T3 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B2 and a bottoms stream B3. ted to distillation conditions, and a top stream T1 which is enriched in isobutene, further subjecting the bottoms stream B1 to distillation conditions in a second distillation unit and obtaining a bottoms stream B2 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B1 and a top stream T2 which is enriched in water compared to the bottoms stream B1, further subjecting the bottoms stream B2 to distillation conditions in a third distillation unit and obtaining a top stream T3 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B2 and a bottoms stream B3.

The present invention relates to a process for recovering 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol from a feed stream F1 comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, one or more solvents, water, and isobutene, wherein 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, the one or more solvents and water are separated from isobutene by distillation, the process comprising subjecting the feed stream F1 to distillation conditions in a distillation unit, obtaining a bottoms stream B1 which is enriched in -methylbut-3-en-1-ol, in the one or more solvents and in water compared to the feed stream F1 subject The present invention relates to a process for recovering 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol from a feed stream F1 comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, one or more solvents, water, and isobutene, wherein 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol, the one or more solvents and water are separated from isobutene by distillation, the process comprising subjecting the feed stream F1 to distillation conditions in a distillation unit, obtaining a bottoms stream B1 which is enriched in -methylbut-3-en-1-ol, in the one or more solvents and in water compared to the feed stream F1 subjected to distillation conditions, and a top stream T1 which is enriched in isobutene, further subjecting the bottoms stream B1 to distillation conditions in a second distillation unit and obtaining a bottoms stream B2 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B1 and a top stream T2 which is enriched in water compared to the bottoms stream B1, further subjecting the bottoms stream B2 to distillation conditions in a third distillation unit and obtaining a top stream T3 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B2 and a bottoms stream B3. ted to distillation conditions, and a top stream T1 which is enriched in isobutene, further subjecting the bottoms stream B1 to distillation conditions in a second distillation unit and obtaining a bottoms stream B2 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B1 and a top stream T2 which is enriched in water compared to the bottoms stream B1, further subjecting the bottoms stream B2 to distillation conditions in a third distillation unit and obtaining a top stream T3 which is enriched in 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol compared to the bottoms stream B2 and a bottoms stream B3.

A method of synthesizing sodium formate. The method includes reacting acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and NaOH to form a raw reaction solution which includes pentaerythritol and sodium formate. The method also includes passing the raw reaction solution to an evaporator to reduce the water content of the raw reaction solution and remove any unreacted formaldehyde from the raw reaction solution to form a concentrated reaction solution and cooling the concentrated reaction solution to form pentaerythritol crystals in suspension while retaining sodium formate in solution. Further, the method includes filtering the cooled concentrated reaction solution to remove the pentaerythritol crystals and create a mother liquor comprising the sodium formate in solution and separating the sodium formate from the mother liquor.

A method of synthesizing sodium formate. The method includes reacting acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and NaOH to form a raw reaction solution which includes pentaerythritol and sodium formate. The method also includes passing the raw reaction solution to an evaporator to reduce the water content of the raw reaction solution and remove any unreacted formaldehyde from the raw reaction solution to form a concentrated reaction solution and cooling the concentrated reaction solution to form pentaerythritol crystals in suspension while retaining sodium formate in solution. Further, the method includes filtering the cooled concentrated reaction solution to remove the pentaerythritol crystals and create a mother liquor comprising the sodium formate in solution and separating the sodium formate from the mother liquor.

Described herein are labeling agents, specifically [.sup.11C]fluoroform, [.sup.11C]difluoromethane, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.18]fluoroform, [.sup.18F]difluoromethane, [.sup.18F]difluoromethyl bromide or [.sup.18F]trifluoromethyl bromide. Also included are methods of labeling precursors to provide labeled fluoroalkanes and imaging methods.