A process for the production of propanol and/or isobutanol is disclosed. The process comprises reacting ethanol or propanol with synthesis gas in the presence of an alkali or alkaline earth doped CuMn oxide catalyst under reaction conditions to produce propanol and/or isobutanol. The catalyst may include one or more additional metal oxides as catalyst support.

A process for the production of propanol and/or isobutanol is disclosed. The process comprises reacting ethanol or propanol with synthesis gas in the presence of an alkali or alkaline earth doped CuMn oxide catalyst under reaction conditions to produce propanol and/or isobutanol. The catalyst may include one or more additional metal oxides as catalyst support.

A process for isobutanol synthesis is described. Ethanol and synthesis gas (syngas) are reacted in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst in a first reaction zone. The products of the first reaction can be separated into one or more streams comprising methanol and propanol. The methanol and propanol from the first reaction are reacted in the presence of a second catalyst to form isobutanol in a second reaction zone.

A process for isobutanol synthesis is described. Ethanol and synthesis gas (syngas) are reacted in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst in a first reaction zone. The products of the first reaction can be separated into one or more streams comprising methanol and propanol. The methanol and propanol from the first reaction are reacted in the presence of a second catalyst to form isobutanol in a second reaction zone.

Processes for making isobutanol are described. The processes involve a first reaction between methanol and ethanol in the presence of a first catalyst to produce an alcohol mixture containing propanol, isobutanol and n-butanol, and a second reaction between the produced propanol and synthesis gas in the presence of a second catalyst to produce isobutanol. The methanol and ethanol produced in the second reaction are recycled and used in the first reaction, and the unreacted propanol is recycled and used in the second reaction.

Processes for making isobutanol are described. The processes involve a first reaction between methanol and ethanol in the presence of a first catalyst to produce an alcohol mixture containing propanol, isobutanol and n-butanol, and a second reaction between the produced propanol and synthesis gas in the presence of a second catalyst to produce isobutanol. The methanol and ethanol produced in the second reaction are recycled and used in the first reaction, and the unreacted propanol is recycled and used in the second reaction.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of purifying solvents. The purified solvents can be used for cleaning a semiconductor substrate in a multistep semiconductor manufacturing process.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of purifying solvents. The purified solvents can be used for cleaning a semiconductor substrate in a multistep semiconductor manufacturing process.

The invention provides crystalline forms of solvates of tryptophan derivatives of compound (1), compositions comprising them, processes for their preparations and methods of use thereof.

A method of purifying an organic solvent is provided. The method includes introducing an organic solvent into a membrane distillation system. The membrane distillation system includes a perfluorodioxole membrane. The method includes performing a distillation technique with the membrane distillation system using the perfluorodioxole membrane to treat and purify the organic solvent.