Disclosed is an acid-resistant alloy catalyst comprising nickel, one or more rare earth elements, stannum and aluminum. The acid-resistant alloy catalyst is low-cost and stable, and does not need a carrier, and can be stably used in continuous industrial production, thus achieving a low production cost.

A method for preparing trimethylolpropane, the method including: subjecting dimethylolbutanal (DMB) to a hydrogenation reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst and an alcohol solvent. During the hydrogenation reaction, a weight ratio of the alcohol solvent based to dimethylolbutanal is 2 to 10.

A method for preparing trimethylolpropane, the method including: subjecting dimethylolbutanal (DMB) to a hydrogenation reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst and an alcohol solvent. During the hydrogenation reaction, a weight ratio of the alcohol solvent based to dimethylolbutanal is 2 to 10.

Improved casein-based films are produced by adjusting the pH of a film-production suspension. The film-production suspension may contain a casein source, a plasticizer, and optionally a strengthening additive. The adjustment of the pH may be accomplished by the addition of an alkaline additive, such as a base, to achieve a desired pH value. The improved casein-based films have improved physical properties as compared to those produced without a pH-adjusted film-production suspension at least in part due to the chemical and structural changes imparted by the change in pH.

A method for preparing dimethylolbutanal including performing an aldol reaction of n-butyraldehyde (n-BAL) and paraformaldehyde (PFA) in the presence of water and an alkylamine catalyst, in which a weight ratio of the paraformaldehyde:water is 1:0.35 to 1:0.85.

A method for preparing dimethylolbutanal including performing an aldol reaction of n-butyraldehyde (n-BAL) and paraformaldehyde (PFA) in the presence of water and an alkylamine catalyst, in which a weight ratio of the paraformaldehyde:water is 1:0.35 to 1:0.85.

The present invention relates to a method for separating and washing microparticles via a stratified co-flow of non-Newtonian fluid and Newtonian fluid, wherein the Newtonian fluid as well as the non-Newtonian fluid may flow into a transfer channel formed in a fluid chip at a predetermined flow rate ratio matching with an effective diameter of the target particles contained in the non-Newtonian fluid, thereby inducing a change in positions of particle focusing points with respect to the target particles within the stratified co-flow thereof formed in the transfer channel. As a result, it is possible to more easily separate only the target particles among the microparticles contained in the non-Newtonian fluid toward the Newtonian fluid without using an additional device and human power, or transfer the target particles contained in the non-Newtonian fluid toward the Newtonian fluid for washing the same. Accordingly, since native biofluids used in the studies and clinical experiments are mostly non-Newtonian fluid, it is possible to directly separate and wash the target particles without a need of changing a solution for containing cells/particles or additional diluting the same for executing experiments. If the native biofluids as the non-Newtonian fluid lack a relaxation time, any artificial polymer could be simply added thereto in order to increase the relaxation time, thereby greatly increasing an amount of treatment per time. Further, since high working efficiency can be achieved in a wide range of flow rate, high efficient separation and washing processes may be achieved by a simple hand work of pushing and pumping an injector alone, without any accurate pumping device.

This disclosure provides embodiments directed to compositions, methods, and processes to produce compounds having the structure: ##STR00001## each of R1-R5 is selected from a hydroxyl group and hydrogen; and R1-R5 include at least one hydroxyl group and at least one hydrogen; and n=0-2. In particular, methods of the disclosure can include reacting a precursor, the precursor containing more oxygen (O) atoms than the compound, with a gas containing hydrogen (H.sub.2) in the presence of a catalyst.

This disclosure provides embodiments directed to compositions, methods, and processes to produce compounds having the structure: ##STR00001## each of R1-R5 is selected from a hydroxyl group and hydrogen; and R1-R5 include at least one hydroxyl group and at least one hydrogen; and n=0-2. In particular, methods of the disclosure can include reacting a precursor, the precursor containing more oxygen (O) atoms than the compound, with a gas containing hydrogen (H.sub.2) in the presence of a catalyst.

This disclosure provides embodiments directed to compositions, methods, and processes to produce compounds having the structure: ##STR00001## each of R1-R5 is selected from a hydroxyl group and hydrogen; and R1-R5 include at least one hydroxyl group and at least one hydrogen; and n=0-2. In particular, methods of the disclosure can include reacting a precursor, the precursor containing more oxygen (O) atoms than the compound, with a gas containing hydrogen (H.sub.2) in the presence of a catalyst.