The disclosure includes a method of using a biomass extraction and centrifugation system to extract and centrifuge biomass. In some embodiments, the method comprises loading a first portion of biomass into a vessel and loading a first portion of solvent into the vessel, and holding the first portion of biomass and the first portion of solvent in the vessel for a predetermined amount of time, whereby the first portion of biomass and the first portion of solvent define a first slurry of a first cycle. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method comprises extracting at least a portion of a biomass extraction from the first slurry, and separating, via a centrifuge, the first slurry into a first extract discharge and a first waste discharge.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems for extraction, isolation, purification, and conversion of various cannabinoids, and modifications of whole-plant hemp extracts therewith are presented. A method for preparing a whole-plant hemp extract based product includes extracting cannabinoids from plant materials, such as one or more hemp varieties of Cannabis sativa. The method also includes separating and purifying CBD from the extracted cannabinoids, converting purified CBD to 9-THC and 8-THC and concurrently converting 9-THC to CBN, purifying and separating the CBN, and combining the purified CBN with a whole-plan hemp extract. Products and supplements related to the method are also described.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems for extraction, isolation, purification, and conversion of various cannabinoids, and modifications of whole-plant hemp extracts therewith are presented. A method for preparing a whole-plant hemp extract based product includes extracting cannabinoids from plant materials, such as one or more hemp varieties of Cannabis sativa. The method also includes separating and purifying CBD from the extracted cannabinoids, converting purified CBD to 9-THC and 8-THC and concurrently converting 9-THC to CBN, purifying and separating the CBN, and combining the purified CBN with a whole-plan hemp extract. Products and supplements related to the method are also described.

A method for processing lignin may comprise flowing a lignin composition comprising a lignin polymer and a solvent through a reaction chamber of a continuous flow reactor, the lignin polymer comprising hydroxycinnamic groups bound to a polymeric backbone; flowing ozone through the reaction chamber containing the lignin composition under conditions to maximize oxidative cleavage of the hydroxycinnamic groups to produce one or more types of aromatic monomers while minimizing oxidative cleavage of the polymeric backbone; and collecting the one or more types of aromatic monomers, e.g., by a size-selective membrane separation device.

A method for processing lignin may comprise flowing a lignin composition comprising a lignin polymer and a solvent through a reaction chamber of a continuous flow reactor, the lignin polymer comprising hydroxycinnamic groups bound to a polymeric backbone; flowing ozone through the reaction chamber containing the lignin composition under conditions to maximize oxidative cleavage of the hydroxycinnamic groups to produce one or more types of aromatic monomers while minimizing oxidative cleavage of the polymeric backbone; and collecting the one or more types of aromatic monomers, e.g., by a size-selective membrane separation device.

The disclosure includes a method of using a biomass extraction and centrifugation system to extract and centrifuge biomass. In some embodiments, the method comprises loading a first portion of biomass into a vessel and loading a first portion of solvent into the vessel, and holding the first portion of biomass and the first portion of solvent in the vessel for a predetermined amount of time, whereby the first portion of biomass and the first portion of solvent define a first slurry of a first cycle. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method comprises extracting at least a portion of a biomass extraction from the first slurry, and separating, via a centrifuge, the first slurry into a first extract discharge and a first waste discharge.

The disclosure includes a method of using a biomass extraction and centrifugation system to extract and centrifuge biomass. In some embodiments, the method comprises loading a first portion of biomass into a vessel and loading a first portion of solvent into the vessel, and holding the first portion of biomass and the first portion of solvent in the vessel for a predetermined amount of time, whereby the first portion of biomass and the first portion of solvent define a first slurry of a first cycle. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method comprises extracting at least a portion of a biomass extraction from the first slurry, and separating, via a centrifuge, the first slurry into a first extract discharge and a first waste discharge.

Processes and apparatus for making xylenes and phenol are described. Phenol and alkyl phenols are separated from coal derived liquid. The phenol is separated from the alkyl phenols. The alkyl phenols can be reacted with aromatics such as benzene and toluene to make xylenes. The xylenes and other aromatics are then separated from the phenol and alkyl phenols. Para-xylene is separated and recovered using a xylene separation process, and meta-xylene and ortho-xylene are optionally converted to para-xylene through an isomerization reaction.

Processes and apparatus for making xylenes and phenol are described. Phenol and alkyl phenols are separated from coal derived liquid. The phenol is separated from the alkyl phenols. The alkyl phenols can be reacted with aromatics such as benzene and toluene to make xylenes. The xylenes and other aromatics are then separated from the phenol and alkyl phenols. Para-xylene is separated and recovered using a xylene separation process, and meta-xylene and ortho-xylene are optionally converted to para-xylene through an isomerization reaction.

Apparatuses, methods, and systems for extraction, isolation, purification, and conversion of various cannabinoids, and modifications of whole-plant hemp extracts therewith are presented. A method for preparing a whole-plant hemp extract based product includes extracting cannabinoids from plant materials, such as one or more hemp varieties of Cannabis sativa. The method also includes separating and purifying CBD from the extracted cannabinoids, converting purified CBD to 9-THC and 8-THC and concurrently converting 9-THC to CBN, purifying and separating the CBN, and combining the purified CBN with a whole-plant hemp extract. Products and supplements related to the method are also described.