A photovoltaic element has high photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as excellent processing properties/low environmental load. The organic semiconductor composition includes as an additive a compound in which one or two aromatic rings are substituted with a predetermined number of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkanoyl groups, or thioalkyl groups. There is also a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic element which uses the composition.

A photovoltaic element has high photoelectric conversion efficiency as well as excellent processing properties/low environmental load. The organic semiconductor composition includes as an additive a compound in which one or two aromatic rings are substituted with a predetermined number of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, alkanoyl groups, or thioalkyl groups. There is also a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic element which uses the composition.

The present invention relates to novel compounds of polyfunctionalized polyethylene and polypropylene glycols, their synthesis and their use, in particular as tracers in applications related to oil and gas production, and especially as specific markers of various target fluids.

Disclosed are chromene-2 derivatives and the use thereof in the treatment of fibrosis. Specifically, disclosed are the derivatives of a compound having a main structure of 6,7-dimethoxy-chromenylium perchlorate (1) and pharmaceutical compositions, combinations and pharmaceutically suitable salts thereof for the treatment of fibrosis.

An internal electron donor compound for preparing a-olefin polymerization catalyst component, including two kinds of electron donors; the proportion of the two kinds of electron donors in the compounding preparation of the catalyst is determined via designed experiments so as to obtain a catalyst component having good comprehensive performance or a particular performance. The electron donor compound of the present invention can be used in the preparation of a-olefin polymerization and co-polymerization catalyst component, particular the preparation of propylene polymerization catalyst component, and is applicable to prepare the propylene polymerization catalyst component by reacting magnesium chloride-ethanolscomlex compound carrier with titanium tetrachloride and electron donors, or to directly prepare the propylene polymerization catalyst component by reacting magnesium chloride, alcohols, titanium tetrachloride, and internal electron donor. In addition, also provided is a theoretical basis for selecting a proper electron donor combination from a plurality of electron donors.

The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.

An internal electron donor compound for preparing -olefin polymerization catalyst component, including two kinds of electron donors; the proportion of the two kinds of electron donors in the compounding preparation of the catalyst is determined via designed experiments so as to obtain a catalyst component having good comprehensive performance or a particular performance. The electron donor compound of the present invention can be used in the preparation of -olefin polymerization and co-polymerization catalyst component, particular the preparation of propylene polymerization catalyst component, and is applicable to prepare the propylene polymerization catalyst component by reacting magnesium chloride-ethanols complex compound carrier with titanium tetrachloride and electron donors, or to directly prepare the propylene polymerization catalyst component by reacting magnesium chloride, alcohols, titanium tetrachloride, and internal electron donor. In addition, also provided is a theoretical basis for selecting a proper electron donor combination from a plurality of electron donors.

A compound having formula (Ph.sub.3C).sub.mAr(OR).sub.n, wherein Ph represents a phenyl group, Ar is an aromatic ring system having from six to twenty carbon atoms, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or C.sub.7-C.sub.12 aralkyl, m is one or two, and n is an integer from one to four.

A compound having formula (Ph.sub.3C).sub.mAr(OR).sub.n, wherein Ph represents a phenyl group, Ar is an aromatic ring system having from six to twenty carbon atoms, R is C.sub.1-C.sub.18 alkyl or C.sub.7-C.sub.12 aralkyl, m is one or two, and n is an integer from one to four.

In a production method of the present disclosure, a 1,1-binaphthyl precursor derivative, an organic acid, and an iodinating or brominating agent are mixed. The 1,1-binaphthyl precursor derivative has a 1,1-binaphthyl skeleton and has an electron-donating group at the 2-position of the 1,1-binaphthyl skeleton and at the 2-position of the 1,1-binaphthyl skeleton, and the electron-donating group contains an oxygen atom directly bonded to the skeleton. With the production method of the present disclosure, a 1,1-binaphthyl derivative having a substituent introduced at the 8-position and/or 8-position of the 1,1-binaphthyl skeleton can be obtained. The 1,1-binaphthyl derivative obtained by the production method of the present disclosure can be a compound further having a substituent introduced at at least one position selected from the 4-position, 4-position, 5-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 6-position of the 1,1-binaphthyl skeleton.