Methods of synthesizing phenanthrenequinone, 9-hydroxyfluorene-9-5 carboxylic acid (HFCA), methyl-9-hydroxyfluorene-carboxylate (HFCA methyl ester) and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorenecarboxylate, (Chlorflurenol) starting from preferred embodiment are disclosed. Several reaction products of phenanthrene are useful in industry, and are valuable plant growth regulators.

Methods of synthesizing phenanthrenequinone, 9-hydroxyfluorene-9-5 carboxylic acid (HFCA), methyl-9-hydroxyfluorene-carboxylate (HFCA methyl ester) and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorenecarboxylate, (Chlorflurenol) starting from preferred embodiment are disclosed. Several reaction products of phenanthrene are useful in industry, and are valuable plant growth regulators.

Methods of synthesizing phenanthrenequinone, 9-hydroxyfluorene-9-5 carboxylic acid (HFCA), methyl-9-hydroxyfluorene-carboxylate (HFCA methyl ester) and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorenecarboxylate, (Chlorflurenol) starting from preferred embodiment are disclosed. Several reaction products of phenanthrene are useful in industry, and are valuable plant growth regulators.

Disclosed herein are reaction compositions comprising an oxidation catalyst, a solvent, and a substrate that is dissolved in the solvent. The oxidation catalyst comprises a metal ion complexed with an -keto acid and a tridentate N,N,O-ligand. Also disclosed herein are methods for oxidizing a CH bond of a molecule, the methods comprising contacting the molecule with a metal complex comprising a metal ion complexed with a tridentate N,N,O-ligand in the presence of an -keto acid and a solvent. In some embodiments, the oxidation catalyst or metal complex is linked to a solid support.

Disclosed herein are reaction compositions comprising an oxidation catalyst, a solvent, and a substrate that is dissolved in the solvent. The oxidation catalyst comprises a metal ion complexed with an -keto acid and a tridentate N,N,O-ligand. Also disclosed herein are methods for oxidizing a CH bond of a molecule, the methods comprising contacting the molecule with a metal complex comprising a metal ion complexed with a tridentate N,N,O-ligand in the presence of an -keto acid and a solvent. In some embodiments, the oxidation catalyst or metal complex is linked to a solid support.

Provided is a method of producing 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in a large amount, a high yield, and inexpensively. This method comprises oxidizing 2-hydroxynaphthalene with hydrogen peroxide in (1) an alkaline aqueous solution or in (2) a mixture of an alkaline aqueous solution with an inert organic solvent incompatible with water, in the presence of a vanadium catalyst.

Provided is a method of producing 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in a large amount, a high yield, and inexpensively. This method comprises oxidizing 2-hydroxynaphthalene with hydrogen peroxide in (1) an alkaline aqueous solution or in (2) a mixture of an alkaline aqueous solution with an inert organic solvent incompatible with water, in the presence of a vanadium catalyst.

Provided is a method of producing 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in a large amount, a high yield, and inexpensively. This method comprises oxidizing 2-hydroxynaphthalene with hydrogen peroxide in (1) an alkaline aqueous solution or in (2) a mixture of an alkaline aqueous solution with an inert organic solvent incompatible with water, in the presence of a vanadium catalyst.

The present invention relates to a combination of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. Further provided herein is a kit comprising the combination, a redox flow batteriy, and a method using the combination, kit and/or redox flow battery of the invention.

The present invention relates to a combination of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. Further provided herein is a kit comprising the combination, a redox flow batteriy, and a method using the combination, kit and/or redox flow battery of the invention.